Latest developments in the use of e-cigarettes by people with schizophrenia spectrum disorders who smoke: a scoping review.

Background: Tobacco use is significantly more prevalent among individuals with schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSD) compared to the general population, contributing to elevated rates of premature mortality from smoking-related diseases. Despite a decline in smoking prevalence in the general population, individuals with SSD continue to smoke at persistently high rates, driven by biological, psychological, and social factors. Standard smoking cessation approaches yield markedly poorer outcomes in this group compared to non-psychiatric populations. This scoping review aimed to map the emerging evidence on the use of e-cigarettes among individuals with SSD or serious mental illness (SMI). Methods: This scoping review was conducted in accordance with the Population-Concept-Context (PCC) framework and reported following the PRISMA extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) guidelines. The review focused on studies published between January 2020 and February 2026, searched on PubMed and EMBASE, providing an up-to-date synthesis of emerging evidence on e-cigarette use in this vulnerable population. Results: Three studies reported across four publications were included (total N = 323); one research group (Pratt et al.) contributed two separate publications reporting distinct outcomes from the same study cohort. Findings suggest that e-cigarette-based interventions are feasible and acceptable in individuals with SSD and SMI, with preliminary evidence of smoking reduction and decreased exposure to tobacco-related carcinogens. However, sustained harm reduction appeared dependent on a combined approach considering that device provision was empowered in its efficacy to sustain harm reduction over time when integrated with behavioral support. Conclusions: The available evidence, while preliminary and limited by the small number of included studies, should be interpreted with caution regarding generalizability to patients with Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders exclusively, as three of the four included publications recruited participants with broader SMI diagnoses of which SSD represents only a subset. Further research, including larger adequately powered trials with standardized outcome measures and longer follow-up, is needed to establish the generalizability and long-term impact of these interventions.