ArticleFrontiers in endocrinology2026
Association of continuous glucose monitoring metrics with early diabetic kidney disease in early-onset type 2 diabetes.
Article in Frontiers in endocrinology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: The rising prevalence of early-onset type 2 diabetes (T2DM) has become a major public health concern, with these patients facing a particularly high risk of early diabetic kidney disease (DKD). Although continuous glucose monitoring (CGM)-derived metrics have shown promise in predicting complications in later-onset T2DM, their utility in early-onset T2DM, a more aggressive phenotype characterized by rapid β-cell decline and heightened complication risk, remains unclear. Moreover, the relationship between glycemic variability and renal injury, as well as the mechanisms underlying the associations between CGM metrics and DKD, have not been fully elucidated. This study aimed to evaluate the associations of time in range (TIR), coefficient of variation (CV), and glycemic risk index (GRI) with early DKD in Chinese patients with early-onset T2DM, and to explore the potential mediating role of triglycerides. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 810 individuals with early-onset T2DM, defined as diagnosis before age 40. All participants underwent ≥7 days of CGM. Early DKD was defined as a urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR) ≥30 mg/g with an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) ≥60 mL/min/1.73m². Multivariable logistic regression, restricted cubic splines, and mediation analysis were used to evaluate independent associations, nonlinear relationships, and the mediating role of triglycerides (TG), respectively. Results: Among the participants, 183 (22.59%) had early DKD. After full adjustment including HbA1c, higher TIR was associated with lower odds of early DKD (per 1% increase: OR 0.99, 95% CI 0.98-0.99, Conclusions: In Chinese patients with early-onset T2DM, CGM-derived metrics are independently associated with early DKD, with TIR and GRI showing opposite associations and CV exhibiting a U-shaped relationship. The observed association involving triglycerides suggests that lipid metabolism may be a correlate of glycemic control in relation to renal injury. These findings support a multidimensional strategy integrating glucose control, glycemic stability, and lipid management for renal protection in this high-risk population.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.