ArticleFrontiers in immunology2026
Establishment and evaluation of novel prognostic biomarkers based on systemic coagulation-inflammation index and related genes in breast cancer.
Article in Frontiers in immunology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Background: Coagulation and inflammation play crucial roles in the initiation and progression of cancer, and they exhibit a synergistic effect. However, a hematological biomarker and risk model based on coagulation and inflammatory have not yet been established in breast cancer. Methods: This study retrospectively analyzed 749 breast cancer patients at our institution. We established a coagulation-inflammation-related genes (CIRGs) risk model using the TCGA-BRCA dataset as the training set and GEO datasets (GSE20685, GSE21653) as the testing sets. Immunohistochemical staining was performed on tumor tissues to validate protein-level expression of key genes. Additionally, single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) was applied to investigate the expression of the CIRGs and explore intercellular communication differences. Results: All enrolled cases were stratified by median systemic coagulation-inflammation index (SCI) into high- and low-SCI groups. The low-SCI group had longer disease-free survival and overall survival than the high-SCI group, with higher SCI levels noted in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). SCI exhibited a linear correlation with survival outcomes and superior survival predictive performance compared to the platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio. LASSO regression selected 21 prognosis-related CIRGs to construct a prognostic model, which showed robust predictive efficacy across three datasets. Tumor microenvironment analysis indicated that the high-risk group was associated with immune suppression. Drug sensitivity analysis identified 6 potential candidate drugs for low- and high-risk groups. Four hub genes ( Conclusion: This study deeply explores the roles and clinical significance of coagulation and inflammation in breast cancer. The hematological indicator SCI and the CIRGs risk model can serve as reliable biomarkers for breast cancer personalized treatment.
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