ReviewFrontiers in pharmacology2026
Euonymus alatus in diabetes: a review of phytochemistry, pharmacokinetics, and anti-diabetic mechanisms.
Review in Frontiers in pharmacology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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4 authors.
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Abstract
Euonymus alatus: (EA), a traditional Chinese botanical drug documented in the Shennong Ben Cao Jing, has been investigated for its potential anti-diabetic effects. This review systematically examines the phytochemistry, pharmacokinetics, and anti-diabetic mechanisms of this botanical drug. Over 230 metabolites, including flavonoids, triterpenoids, and lignans, have been identified from EA. Pharmacokinetic studies remain limited; computational predictions suggest that some metabolites may exhibit oral bioavailability, but classical pharmacokinetic parameters have not been experimentally determined for any EA metabolite. Mechanistic studies demonstrate that EA exerts anti-diabetic effects through multiple experimentally validated pathways: (i) inhibiting alpha-glucosidase activity to delay intestinal glucose absorption; (ii) activating the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signaling pathways to ameliorate insulin resistance; (iii) modulating gut microbiota composition and increasing short-chain fatty acid production; (iv) suppressing the advanced glycation end products-receptor for advanced glycation end products axis along with the nuclear factor kappa B and mitogen-activated protein kinase inflammatory pathways to alleviate oxidative stress and inflammatory responses; and (v) regulating diacylglycerol acyltransferase activity to improve lipid metabolism. Preclinical studies indicate that EA reduces blood glucose and improves markers of diabetic nephropathy and retinopathy. Clinical studies of EA-containing formulations report reductions in fasting blood glucose and urinary protein. However, the clinical evidence remains limited by small sample sizes, lack of rigorous controls, and multi-botanical drug compositions that preclude attribution of effects to individual components. This review provides a critical synthesis of current evidence and identifies priorities for future investigation.
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