ArticleCureus2026
Association of Low-Grade Hemolysis With Early Tubular Injury in Non-anemic Adults.
Article in Cureus, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundLow-grade hemolysis may occur in individuals with normal hemoglobin levels and contribute to oxidative stress and early renal injury. Serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), although a non-specific biomarker, may serve as a surrogate marker of potential low-grade hemolysis or cellular injury. In contrast, urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (uNGAL) is a sensitive biomarker of early renal tubular injury. This study examined the association between elevated LDH levels and early tubular injury in non-anemic adults.
methodsA cross-sectional analytical study was conducted among 450 non-anemic adults from tertiary care hospitals and outpatient departments (OPDs). Participants were classified into the elevated-LDH and normal-LDH groups. A structured proforma was used to gather demographic and clinical data. Hemoglobin, serum LDH, and creatinine were measured in blood, and uNGAL was measured in urine. Spearman's correlation, the Mann-Whitney U test, and multiple linear regression were performed to assess the independent association between serum LDH and uNGAL after adjusting for potential confounding factors.
resultsAmong the participants, 235 (52.2%) were male, and 104 (23.1%) were in the 36-45-year age group. There was a weak-to-moderate positive correlation between serum LDH and urinary NGAL (ρ = 0.350, p < 0.001). The urinary NGAL level was significantly higher in individuals with elevated LDH (220 ± 50 ng/mL) compared with those with normal LDH (150 ± 40 ng/mL) (p < 0.001). After adjustment for the confounding variables, serum LDH was independently associated with the uNGAL levels (B = 0.200, β = 0.220, p < 0.001).
conclusionAn association was observed between elevated serum LDH and increased urinary NGAL concentrations in non-anemic adults, suggesting that elevated LDH levels may be associated with subclinical renal tubular stress even in the absence of clinically apparent anemia or kidney disease. Urinary NGAL could be a potential early biomarker of subclinical renal injury and a marker of the risk of renal dysfunction.
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