Evidence mapPaperPMID 42566713Full record

ArticleJMIR diabetes2026

Bridging the Digital Divide in Diabetes Care With an AI-Powered Health Coaching Intervention: Qualitative Formative Study.

Tejossy John, Sangeetha Mohanraj, Tanjila Nawshin, Tapan Mehta, Mohanraj Thirumalai

Registry-linked trialAbstract read
In one paragraph

Article in JMIR diabetes, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT05344859 (A Feasibility and Pilot Trial of Gamification and AI-based Health Coaching Intervention Components for Diabetes Management Using the GODART Platform), which is not on this map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

NCT05344859 nacompletednot on this map

A Feasibility and Pilot Trial of Gamification and AI-based Health Coaching Intervention Components for Diabetes Management Using the GODART Platform

TypeinterventionalSponsorUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamRan2023 to 2025Enrolled88ConditionsDiabetes Mellitus, Type 2ArmsWeekly Automated Health Coaching, Weekly Human Health Coaching, Adapted Reward Level, Fixed Gamified Reward Level
3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

5 authors.

Tejossy JohnDepartment of Orthopedic Surgery, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States.ORCID http://orcid.org/0009-0000-5224-2261
Sangeetha MohanrajResearch Collaborative, School of Health Professions, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8567-9571
Tanjila NawshinDepartment of Health Services Administration, School of Health Professions, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9823-0127
Tapan MehtaDepartment of Family and Community Medicine, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2016-2344
Mohanraj ThirumalaiDivision of General Internal Medicine and Population Health, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 701 19th Street South, ALGEN 580, Birmingham, AL, 35294, United States, 1 312 218 7740.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9768-3829

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Background: Despite advancements in digital health coaching (DHC) for type 2 diabetes self-management, a persistent digital divide limits access among underserved populations, necessitating low-tech, telephone-based alternatives. Objective: This formative qualitative study explored the lived experiences of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) self-management challenges among adults in Alabama and elicited preferences for telephone-based DHC to inform intervention optimization. Methods: This study was part of a larger National Institutes of Health clinical trial (5R01DK129378) that examined the feasibility and needs of a telephone-based DHC intervention for self-management of T2DM. The study employed a qualitative, phenomenological approach to assess patients' needs surrounding digital coaching. Twelve patients diagnosed with T2DM were recruited between August and December 2022. Data collection involved in-depth, semistructured interviews conducted via telephone calls or secure Zoom sessions. All interviews were audio-recorded, professionally transcribed, and verified for accuracy. Two independent coders analyzed the data using NVivo software version 14 Plus. Results: Two themes emerged: (1) multifaceted barriers to diabetes self-management spanning behavioral (dietary adherence and nutritional gaps), physical/environmental (mobility limitations and weather constraints), and structural domains (medication shortages, insurance coverage limiting continuous glucose monitoring); (2) expectations for telephone-based DHC, including targeted education (meal planning, exercise adaptations, and medication effects), health coaches as accountability partners, daily reminders and check-ins via texts/calls, and incentives as extrinsic motivators to adherence. Insights from the study directly shaped the intervention components of a pilot feasibility trial (NCT05344859). Conclusions: Key challenges in day-to-day T2DM management included diet, physical activity, medication unavailability, and lack of insurance coverage for continuous glucose monitors. Expectations for a potential telephone-based DHC intervention included targeted education on diet, exercise, and medication effects; perceptions of health coaches as accountability partners; reminders via texts/calls as beneficial; and monetary incentives as extrinsic motivators for adherence to the intervention.

Indexed as

diabetes self-managementdiabetes technologydigital health coachingexpectationspatient educationpatient experiencephenomenologyqualitative researchtype 2 diabetes

Identifiers

PMID42566713
PMCPMC13450810

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Registered trials

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.