Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42568155›Full record

ArticlePediatric obesity2026

Breastfeeding Intensity and Duration and Growth Trajectories in GDM Exposed Infants: The SWIFT Study.

Saralyn F Foster, Elizabeth M Widen, Joan C Lo, Alexis King, Louise C Greenspan, Baiyang Sun, Myles S Faith, Marcela R Abrego, Daniel Powers, Erica P Gunderson

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Pediatric obesity, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
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1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

10 authors.

Saralyn F FosterThe University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA.
Elizabeth M WidenThe University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9574-6109
Joan C LoKaiser Permanente Northern California Division of Research, Pleasanton, California, USA.
Alexis KingKaiser Permanente Northern California Division of Research, Pleasanton, California, USA.
Louise C GreenspanKaiser Permanente Medical Center San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.
Baiyang SunKaiser Permanente Northern California Division of Research, Pleasanton, California, USA.
Myles S FaithDepartment of Counseling, School and Educational Psychology, Graduate School of Education, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8504-7945
Marcela R AbregoThe University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA.
Daniel PowersThe University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA.
Erica P GundersonKaiser Permanente Northern California Division of Research, Pleasanton, California, USA.

Funding

Lactation and Glucose Tolerance After GDM PregnancyR01HD050625 · NICHD · KAISER FOUNDATION RESEARCH INSTITUTE · PI GUNDERSON, ERICA PAULINE · 2007 to 2011
$3.1M
Pregnancy weight trajectories and offspring adiposityR00HD086304 · NICHD · UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN · PI WIDEN, ELIZABETH MARIE · 2018 to 2020
$744k
Infant Temperament and Early Infant Growth and Child Overweight in GDM OffspringR21DK103171 · NIDDK · KAISER FOUNDATION RESEARCH INSTITUTE · PI GUNDERSON, ERICA PAULINE · 2014 to 2015
$420k
American Diabetes Association (Clinical Research Award)Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development R00HD086304Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development R01 HD050625NICHD NIH HHS R00 HD086304NICHD NIH HHS R01 HD050625NIDDK NIH HHS R21 DK103171
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundWhether breastfeeding intensity, the relative amount of breastfeeding versus formula across the first year, relates to growth trajectories among infants exposed to gestational diabetes (GDM) in utero is unknown.

objectiveTo identify growth trajectory patterns and associations with breastfeeding intensity among infants exposed to GDM.

methodsSWIFT Offspring cohort (2009-2011) singleton, GDM-exposed infants (n = 435) born at a Kaiser Permanente Northern California hospital. Monthly summed lactation intensity ratio (sumLIR, proportion of breastfeeding versus overall feeds over 7 days). Latent class mixed models for weight-for-age (WAZ), length-for-age (LAZ), and weight-for-length (WLZ) z-scores, and skinfold thicknesses (triceps, subscapular, and sum of skinfolds). Multinomial logistic regression related sumLIR to growth trajectories.

resultsA higher sumLIR throughout the first year was associated with lower odds of class membership in trajectories with accelerated growth patterns for WLZ from early infancy (1-mo OR: 0.11, 95% CI 0.02, 0.54) to 1 year (12-mo OR: 0.84, 95% CI 0.75, 0.95), as well as a lower likelihood of having accelerated WAZ growth after 6-months (12-mo OR: 0.91, 95% CI 0.84, 0.98), but not skinfold trajectory classes.

conclusionsHigher sumLIR was associated with more favourable growth trajectories, suggesting that continued breastfeeding, even when combined with infant formula, may benefit growth among GDM-exposed infants.

Indexed as

Breast FeedingChild DevelopmentDiabetes, GestationalPrenatal Exposure Delayed EffectsAdultCaliforniaFemaleHumansInfantInfant FormulaInfant, NewbornMalePregnancySkinfold ThicknessTime Factorsbreastfeedinggestational diabeteslactation intensityLCMM

Identifiers

PMID42568155
PMCPMC13451554

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.