Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42568860›Full record

ArticleSchizophrenia research. Cognition2026

Cognitive rehabilitation with immersive virtual reality in schizophrenia: A randomized waiting list-controlled study.

Claudio Caiazza, Alessia Aletto, Luigi Franzese, Domenico Mazza, Francesca Marino, Flavia Rossano, Ilaria De Mare, Viviana Rago, Bianca Della Rocca, Marco Manzo and 4 more

Registry-linked trialAbstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Schizophrenia research. Cognition, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT07427485 (Cognitive Rehabilitation With Immersive Virtual Reality), which is not on this map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

NCT07427485 nacompletednot on this map

Cognitive Rehabilitation With Immersive Virtual Reality (IVR) in Schizophrenia: a Pilot Randomized Waiting List Controlled Feasibility Study

TypeinterventionalSponsorAzienda Sanitaria Locale Napoli 3 Sud, UOCSM Torre del GrecoRan2025 to 2026Enrolled40ConditionsSCHIZOPHRENIA 1 (Disorder), Schizoaffective DisorderArmsCEREBRUM VR, Waiting List
3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

14 authors.

Claudio CaiazzaAzienda Sanitaria Locale Napoli 3 Sud, Dipartimento di Salute Mentale, U.O.S.M. 55/57 - Torre del Greco/Ercolano, Italy.
Alessia AlettoAzienda Sanitaria Locale Napoli 3 Sud, Dipartimento di Salute Mentale, U.O.S.M. 55/57 - Torre del Greco/Ercolano, Italy.
Luigi FranzeseAzienda Sanitaria Locale Napoli 3 Sud, Dipartimento di Salute Mentale, U.O.S.M. 55/57 - Torre del Greco/Ercolano, Italy.
Domenico MazzaAzienda Sanitaria Locale Napoli 3 Sud, Dipartimento di Salute Mentale, U.O.S.M. 55/57 - Torre del Greco/Ercolano, Italy.
Francesca MarinoAzienda Sanitaria Locale Napoli 3 Sud, Dipartimento di Salute Mentale, U.O.S.M. 55/57 - Torre del Greco/Ercolano, Italy.
Flavia RossanoAzienda Sanitaria Locale Napoli 1 Centro, Dipartimento di Salute Mentale, U.O.S.M. 32/33, Naples, Italy.
Ilaria De MareItalian Education System, Italy.
Viviana RagoFondazione Istituto Antoniano ETS, Ercolano, Italy.
Bianca Della RoccaDepartment of Psychiatry, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy.
Marco ManzoDepartment of Psychiatry, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy.
Claudia ToniDepartment of Psychiatry, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy.
Mario LucianoDepartment of Psychiatry, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy.
Vito RagoAzienda Sanitaria Locale Napoli 3 Sud, Dipartimento di Salute Mentale, U.O.S.M. 55/57 - Torre del Greco/Ercolano, Italy.
Andrea FiorilloDepartment of Psychiatry, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Background: Cognitive symptoms represent a major determinant of long-term disability in chronic schizophrenia and only partially respond to pharmacotherapy. Evidence is growing about the potential effect of cognitive interventions to promote functional recovery. Immersive virtual reality (IVR) offers a simulated, adaptive, and ecologically valid real-world-like scenarios in safe and controlled environments. The present study aimed to evaluate the feasibility, acceptability, and efficacy of IVR-based cognitive rehabilitation in schizophrenia. Methods: We performed a single-blind, randomized, waiting list (WL) controlled trial (Clinicaltrials.gov:NCT07427485). Forty clinically stable outpatients with schizophrenia were allocated (1:1) to IVR or WL. The intervention consisted of 12 weekly IVR-sessions through the CEREBRUM-VR tool. Primary outcome was the change in psychotic symptoms (Positive and Negative Symptoms Scale/PANSS). Secondary outcomes included global functioning (GAF), Digital Symbol Substitution Test (DSST), Animal Naming Test (ANT), Trail-Making Test A (TMT-A). Simple Reaction Choice (SRT) and Choice Reaction Time (CRT) evaluated psychomotor speed. Results: Drop-out rate was 15% per group, attrition rate was 4.9%. Most IVR-assigned participants (77.8%) reported willingness to continue. IVR did not worsen overall or positive psychotic symptoms. A significant IVR between-group improvement emerged for negative symptoms ( Conclusion: IVR-based cognitive rehabilitation appears feasible and tolerated in stable outpatients with schizophrenia. Our findings suggest improvement in psychomotor speed and modest improvement in negative symptoms. Larger and longer trials are warranted to confirm clinical relevance.

Indexed as

Cognitive remediation, technology-assisted interventionDigital healthDigital rehabilitationPsychosisSensorimotor integration

Identifiers

PMID42568860
PMCPMC13448447

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.