SynthesisPeerJ2026
Thyroid disorders, thyroid autoimmunity, and anxiety-a systematic review and meta-analysis of population-based studies.
Synthesis in PeerJ, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Objectives: Previous studies, largely based on case-control samples, have suggested that hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, and thyroid autoimmunity may be associated with an increased risk of anxiety. However, whether a true association exists remains unclear, as population-based studies, which draw on more representative samples and are therefore less prone to selection bias, have yielded conflicting results. This study aimed to investigate the association between thyroid dysfunction and anxiety disorders in population-based cohort and cross-sectional studies. Methods: We conducted a systematic literature search in PubMed, PsycINFO, and Embase databases from inception to March 2026. Two reviewers independently selected population-based cohort and cross-sectional studies reporting laboratory- or International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-based diagnoses of thyroid dysfunction or autoimmunity, and anxiety outcomes according to validated criteria or rating scales. Study quality was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. All meta-analyses were conducted using random-effects models, and heterogeneity was quantified using the Results: Out of 2,548 screened articles, 12 studies comprising 676,658 participants were included. Six studies dealt with hypothyroidism, seven with hyperthyroidism, and four with autoimmunity. Meta-analyses revealed small and mostly statistically non-significant positive summary estimates for hypothyroidism (OR 1.13, 95% CI [0.77-1.65]; Limitations: The number of studies is small, and thyroid pathology as well as anxiety are heterogeneously defined. Conclusion: The evidence is inconclusive: Small positive associations seem likely, but confidence intervals are also in agreement with intermediate positive and even small protective effects, suggesting either limited data or the absence of relevant associations between thyroid pathology and anxiety. Further population-based studies based on established diagnostic criteria are warranted.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.