ReviewFrontiers in public health2026
Physical-psychological-cognitive multimorbidity: a narrative review.
Review in Frontiers in public health, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
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Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
11 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Physical-psychological-cognitive multimorbidity (PPC-MM) is a distinct phenotype in older adults, defined as the coexistence of chronic physical conditions, psychological disorders, and cognitive impairment. When all three domains are present, the adverse impact on patients may be greater than that associated with single diseases or physical multimorbidity alone. This review delineates operational definitions of PPC-MM across major cohort studies, summarizes global epidemiological characteristics, and synthesizes evidence on multi-level risk factors. Chinese older adults have a PPC-MM prevalence ranging from 5.8% to 17.2%, while European and American populations have a PPC-MM prevalence ranging from 1.2% to 4.3%. These differences may reflect variations in region, population, and diagnostic criteria. Specifically, the definition of physical conditions has been primarily centered on 7-10 disease categories, and psychological disorders are mainly defined by depressive symptoms, and cognitive impairment is assessed using cohort-specific short-form batteries. Low socioeconomic status, adverse childhood experiences, and circadian syndrome have been linked to PPC-MM. Possible mechanisms include hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis dysregulation, inflammaging-related immune crosstalk, and loneliness-related feedback loops. PPC-MM reflects interactions across social, psychological, behavioral, and biological factors. Management could move toward integrated care based on comprehensive geriatric assessment, which may help delay functional decline and improve quality of life.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.