ReviewFrontiers in immunology2026
Toll-like receptors in fish: evolution, structure, immune signaling, and translational prospects for adjuvant-based vaccine design in aquaculture.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
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Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are central to innate immunity and the most studied class of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Upon recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) from bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites, strong immune responses that bridge innate and adaptive immunity are initiated. Their ability to sense various ligands has made TLR agonists promising candidates for adjuvant development. Unlike traditional adjuvants, TLR ligands directly activate immune pathways, leading to strong, specific, and lasting protection. In aquaculture, there is a critical need for vaccines to reduce reliance on antimicrobials and to address losses from infectious diseases that threaten global food security. We compared TLRs across different teleost and higher vertebrate species for a comprehensive understanding of these receptors. This review focused on defining nomenclature, exploring its historical and evolutionary significance, and structural modeling using computational methods. Using channel catfish (
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