ArticleNature reviews bioengineering2025
Smart closed-loop drug delivery systems.
Article in Nature reviews bioengineering, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed.
- Nanomaterial -enabled flexible sensors for continuous biomedical monitoring and closed-loop intervention.Discover nano · 2026Review
- Integration of Artificial Intelligence and Microfluidics for Drug Delivery Applications.Micromachines · 2026Review
- Nanoparticle-Enabled Biomaterials for Controlled Drug Delivery in Implantable and Wearable Devices.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Spatiotemporal immunomodulation with programmable biomaterials to promote musculoskeletal tissue regeneration.Bioactive materials · 2026Review
- Polymeric microneedles for closed-loop drug delivery: from biosensing to therapy.RSC advances · 2026Review
- Application of Temporally Controlled Release Systems in Periodontal Tissue Regeneration: From Material Design to Therapeutic Strategies.Pharmaceutics · 2026Review
- A fully integrated smart ring for daily biochemical monitoring.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Lactate dynamics in Parkinson's disease: striatal circuit vulnerability, biomarker potential, and therapeutic windows.Molecular medicine (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2026Review
- A battery-free wireless intelligent aligner for spatially resolved, closed-loop theranostics of chronic oral diseases.Science advances · 2026Article
- Harnessing spatiotemporal melatonin delivery from engineered platforms for targeted microenvironment remodeling in peripheral neuropathy.Materials today. Bio · 2026Review
- Sprayable Hydrogel Dressings in Wound-Healing Applications.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Advanced biomaterial strategies for cancerous wound management from palliative to multifunctional platforms.iScience · 2026Review
- Nanofluidic-based electrochemical pump for remotely controlled, on-demand drug delivery.Lab on a chip · 2026Article
- Ionic-Bionic Interfaces: Advancing Iontronic Strategies for Bioelectronic Sensing and Therapy.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Review
- Clinical Evaluation of Microneedle Biosensors for Continuous Lactate Monitoring in Critically Ill Patients.ACS sensors · 2026Article
- Materials and System Design for Self-Decision Bioelectronic Systems.Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.) · 2026Review
- The Advances in Novel Delivery Strategies for Hirudin Against Cardiovascular Diseases.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Autonomous Microrobots for Spatiotemporally Active Therapeutic Delivery and Controlled Release.Cyborg and bionic systems (Washington, D.C.) · 2026Review
- Bioelectronics forNanotheranostics · 2026Review
- Yushida: an IoT-based smart injection system for long-term management of chronic diseases.Frontiers in digital health · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The administration of therapeutics for long-term chronic disease management or treatment faces considerable challenges, such as the need for precise dosage control, timely delivery and adherence to medication regimens. Traditional drug delivery methods often result in suboptimal therapeutic outcomes owing to variable responses, fluctuating drug concentrations and lack of feedback from real-time monitoring. Smart closed-loop systems (CLSs) could address these limitations by integrating real-time biosensing with automated drug delivery, thereby personalizing treatments to individual needs. This Review explores the current landscape of CLSs, highlighting recent advancements in wearable and implantable technologies that facilitate continuous monitoring of biomarkers and offer responsive therapeutic interventions. We discuss the implications of device design and the trade-offs between wearable and implantable systems. In addition, we highlight the potential of artificial intelligence enhancement of CLS control algorithms by enabling systems to learn from and predict responses to achieve more effective and adaptive optimal therapies. Ultimately, this Review charts a path towards next-generation CLSs, emphasizing the integration of synthetic biology and engineered cells into implantable devices.
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.