ArticleInternational journal of molecular sciences2026
Generation and Application of Ultra-Fine, Long-Term Stable Nanobubble Water: An Evaluation of Inclusion Effects on Aromatic Components and Antimicrobial Activity.
Article in International journal of molecular sciences, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Nano- and pico-bubble water (NPB), containing hydrogen or ozone, is widely used as a cleaning agent due to its bactericidal and antiviral properties. However, some products-such as certain hydrogen waters-contain only large bubbles or have an extremely low bubble count, making them sometimes indistinguishable from ordinary drinking water. To accurately evaluate NPB activity, we developed a method for producing ultra-nano-pico-bubble water (NanoGAS water [NGW]), an ultra-fine bubble water that is stable and non-volatile over extended periods. By combining a mixed gas-liquid fluid rotary mixer and a shear filter, we produced ultra-fine bubbles that could be sealed in water. This method produced bubbles that remained stable in water even after 10 years since production. NGW has been clinically evaluated as a solvent for fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) and has been demonstrated to be effective at improving bacterial engraftment in the intestinal tract in patients with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Furthermore, encapsulating specific gases (hydrogen and ozone) can achieve more diverse effects. In this study, we evaluated the aroma-encapsulating effects, as well as the strength and persistence of the antimicrobial activity, of novel NGW formulations (Air-NGW, H
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.