ArticlePolymers2026
Development and Optimization of Sodium Deoxycholate-Stabilised Shellac-Based Polymeric Nanoparticles for Enhanced Pharmacokinetics and Anticancer Activity of Etodolac in Hepatocellular Carcinoma.
Article in Polymers, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND/
objectivesHepatocellular carcinoma, or liver cancer, is the sixth most common cancer worldwide and the third leading cause of cancer-related mortality. Therefore, this study aimed to develop and optimise etodolac-loaded sodium deoxycholate-stabilised shellac-based polymeric nanoparticles (ETD-SDS-SHNPs) to improve the pharmacokinetic profile of etodolac (ETD) in HepG2 human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells.
methodsThe nanoprecipitation method was used to prepare ETD-SDS-SHNPs, which were then optimised using a Box-Behnken design and evaluated for particle size (PS), zeta potential (ZP), entrapment efficiency (EE), solid-state characterization, and in vitro drug dissolution. Furthermore, in vivo oral bioavailability, cytotoxicity, cellular uptake, and cell cycle progression were assessed.
resultsThe optimised ETD-SDS-SHNPs formulation showed an average PS of 192 ± 1.50 nm, ZP of -20.2 ± 0.4 mV, and EE of 81.6 ± 1.42%. Differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray diffraction confirmed the reduced crystallinity of ETD-SDS-SHNPs, indicating partial amorphisation of the drug in the formulation. Field-emission scanning electron microscopy revealed predominantly spherical nanoparticles with relatively smooth surfaces. The peak plasma concentration (C
conclusionsETD-SDS-SHNPs formulation offers an enhanced passive, efficient, and safer nanocarrier platform for repurposing etodolac in liver cancer therapy, showing significant promise for improving clinical outcomes in HCC treatment.
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