ReviewFrontiers in immunology2026
Engineering CAR-T cells for solid tumors: overcoming antigenic, trafficking, and microenvironmental barriers.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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0 citing papers in PubMed.
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Authors and funding
2 authors.
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Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CAR-T) therapy has demonstrated remarkable clinical efficacy across a spectrum of hematological malignancies, with particularly profound responses observed in B-cell leukemias, lymphomas, and multiple myeloma. However, the clinical benefits of CAR-T cell therapy have not yet been effectively extended to most solid tumors. This limitation arises from multiple biological and structural barriers, including the paucity of truly tumor-specific antigens, variable antigen expression and loss, inefficient trafficking and infiltration, and the presence of a highly immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). These obstacles not only restrict tumor recognition and intratumoral accumulation but also impair CAR-T-cell persistence, cytotoxicity, and durable tumor control, while promoting immune escape and increasing the likelihood of on-target, off-tumor toxicity. To address these challenges, diverse engineering strategies are being developed to improve the safety, efficacy, and adaptability of CAR-T cell therapy in solid tumors. These include Boolean logic-gated receptors, multi-antigen and retargeting platforms, locoregional delivery and trafficking-enhancing approaches, checkpoint blockade, armored CAR-T cells, synthetic receptors that rewire inhibitory signals, and emerging
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