ArticlePregnancy (Hoboken, N.J.)2026
Patterns of weight gain during the first half of pregnancy and risk of large newborns in women with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
Article in Pregnancy (Hoboken, N.J.), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Objective: To identify patterns of gestational weight gain (pGWG) trajectories in the first 20 weeks of gestation and to determine the association of these patterns with the delivery of large-for-gestational-age (LGA) infants among women with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). Study design: Analysis of data collected prospectively in a Diabetes in Pregnancy Program Project Grant 7/1978 to 6/1993. Sparse functional principal components analysis was used to identify clusters defining phenotypes of women with similar pGWG in the first 20 weeks of gestation. Generalized estimating equations (GEEs) were used to estimate the association between maternal phenotype according to pGWG and odds of LGA (> 90th percentile) at birth, adjusting for predefined covariates and confounders; age, age of diagnosis of diabetes, race, parity, chronic hypertension, nephropathy, retinopathy, body mass index (BMI), and glycohemoglobin A Results: A total of 349 pregnancies were included in this analysis. Three phenotypes of pGWG were identified and classified as high pGWG (highest 25% of trajectories; Conclusions: Moderate or high pGWG during the first 20 weeks of gestation was associated with increased odds of delivering an LGA infant. Future studies should consider pGWG in early pregnancy rather than overall early GWG to strategize interventions when examining the likelihood of delivering an LGA infant.
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