ReviewFrontiers in immunology2026
Harnessing phages in the age of antibiotic resistance: immunological perspectives.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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0 citing papers in PubMed.
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
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No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The rapid rise of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has renewed interest in bacteriophages as precision antibacterial agents that can selectively target pathogenic bacteria while limiting disruption of commensal microbiota. However, therapeutic phages are not immunologically inert. Phage particles, phage-derived nucleic acids, bacterial lysis products, and manufacturing impurities can interact with innate and adaptive immune pathways, influencing phage pharmacokinetics, tissue persistence, inflammatory responses, and treatment durability. Innate mechanisms such as complement activation, phagocyte uptake, pattern-recognition receptor signaling, and neutrophil-mediated antibacterial responses may either restrict phage bioavailability or support bacterial clearance. Adaptive immune responses, particularly anti-phage antibodies and serum neutralization, may become relevant during repeated or systemic administration, although available clinical evidence indicates that antibody development does not uniformly predict treatment failure. This review integrates mechanistic, translational, and clinical evidence on phage-immune interactions, distinguishing direct immune recognition of phage components from indirect immune activation mediated by bacteria and bacterial products. We also discuss immune-aware strategies, including phage selection, formulation, route optimization, product-quality control, and immune monitoring, to improve the development of phage therapies for multidrug-resistant bacterial infections.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.