Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42601586›Full record

ArticleOphthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists)2026

Global and Regional Burden of Refraction Disorders In Children, Adolescents and Young Adults from 1990 to 2021: Trends, Inequalities and Future Predictions with Machine Learning.

Dan-Lin Li, Bing Shi, Xing-Wu Zhu, Carla Lanca, Andrzej Grzybowski, Lei Liu, Chen-Wei Pan

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Article in Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

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2 · The registry

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3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

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4 · The record

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5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Dan-Lin Li *School of Public Health, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
Bing Shi *Department of Public Health, Suzhou Industrial Park Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Suzhou, China.
Xing-Wu ZhuSchool of Public Health, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
Carla LancaDivision of Science, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, UAE.
Andrzej GrzybowskiInstitute for Research in Ophthalmology, Foundation for Ophthalmology Development, Poznan, Poland.
Lei LiuDepartment of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Eye Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
Chen-Wei PanSchool of Public Health, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China. pcwonly@gmail.com.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3362-4613

Funding

Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (GDPH) Supporting Fund for Talent Program KY0120220263National Key Research and Development Program of China 2026YFE0210300National Natural Science Foundation of China 82504435National Natural Science Foundation of China 82571259Suzhou Industrial Park "Health Talent Support Program" Talent Research Project YQWS202518Suzhou Science and Technology Planning Project SYW2025191
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

purposeThis study aims to forecast future trends and quantify the contributions of key determinants, extending current evidence for tailored interventions

methodsThe study used data from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 for children, adolescents and young adults aged 0-24 years. Temporal trends were analysed with joinpoint regression, while health inequalities were assessed using the slope index of inequality (SII) and concentration index (CI

resultsA slight but significant global decrease was observed in both prevalence (average annual percent change, AAPC: -0.05%) and YLD rates (AAPC: -0.08%) from 1990 to 2021. Females consistently exhibited higher burden than males, though both groups showed significant reductions. In 2021, the prevalence rate was highest in the 15-19 year age group and YLDs were highest in the 20-24 year age group. A positive correlation was observed between the socio-demographic index (SDI) and both prevalence (r = 0.44) and YLDs rates (r = 0.43). Socioeconomic disparities widened over time, as indicated by an increase in the SII for prevalence (from 497.98 to 525.10) and YLDs (from 15.46 to 16.53), alongside a decline in the CI

conclusionThe global burden of refraction disorders is declining yet marked by significant inequalities. Mitigating this burden requires tailored strategies, shifting from primary prevention in high-SDI regions to ensuring access to affordable corrections in low-SDI settings.

Indexed as

BurdenChild and adolescentPredictionsRefraction disorders

Identifiers

PMID42601586

What Socratic holds

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.