ReviewFrontiers in immunology2026
Lactobacillus in autoimmune thyroid diseases: benefit or risk?
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITDs), mainly Hashimoto's thyroiditis and Graves' disease, are common organ-specific autoimmune disorders driven by complex interactions among genetic susceptibility, immune dysregulation, environmental exposure, and microbial factors. Increasing evidence supports the relevance of the gut-thyroid axis, in which gut microbiota may influence thyroid hormone metabolism, intestinal barrier integrity, systemic inflammation, and thyroid-directed autoimmunity. Among gut commensals, Lactobacillus-related taxa have attracted attention because selected strains can modulate cytokine production, Treg/Th17 balance, short-chain fatty acid metabolism, epithelial barrier function, and inflammatory signaling pathways such as TLR4/NF-κB, AhR, and PPARδ-related pathways. However, most mechanistic evidence is derived from non-AITD animal, cellular, or metabolic disease models, and direct validation in AITD patients remains limited. This review summarizes current evidence on Lactobacillus-related strains in AITDs, emphasizing strain-specific effects, updated taxonomy, mechanistic plausibility, clinical heterogeneity, and translational limitations. We also discuss inconsistent microbial signatures, neutral or inconclusive clinical findings, and safety concerns, including probiotic-associated infection, antibiotic resistance genes, horizontal gene transfer, and potential pro-autoimmune effects. Overall, Lactobacillus-related interventions remain investigational, and future studies should prioritize standardized strain identification, disease-specific mechanisms, long-term safety, and well-designed clinical trials.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.