Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42616106›Full record

ArticleEuropean journal of applied physiology2026

Glucose but not fructose ingestion improves endurance cycling performance despite similar neuromuscular fatigue at exhaustion.

Andrew J Richards, Parsa Jamal-Zadeh, Ava R Silva, Rohin Malekzadeh, Lauren V Turner, Robert Laham, Michael C Riddell, Devin B Phillips, Arthur J Cheng

Abstract read
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In one paragraph

Article in European journal of applied physiology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Andrew J RichardsMuscle Health Research Centre, School of Kinesiology and Health Science, Faculty of Health, York University, 4700 Keele Street, 341 Norman Bethune College, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada.ORCID http://orcid.org/0009-0004-4245-6951
Parsa Jamal-ZadehMuscle Health Research Centre, School of Kinesiology and Health Science, Faculty of Health, York University, 4700 Keele Street, 341 Norman Bethune College, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada.
Ava R SilvaMuscle Health Research Centre, School of Kinesiology and Health Science, Faculty of Health, York University, 4700 Keele Street, 341 Norman Bethune College, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada.
Rohin MalekzadehMuscle Health Research Centre, School of Kinesiology and Health Science, Faculty of Health, York University, 4700 Keele Street, 341 Norman Bethune College, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada.
Lauren V TurnerMuscle Health Research Centre, School of Kinesiology and Health Science, Faculty of Health, York University, 4700 Keele Street, 341 Norman Bethune College, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada.
Robert LahamMuscle Health Research Centre, School of Kinesiology and Health Science, Faculty of Health, York University, 4700 Keele Street, 341 Norman Bethune College, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada.
Michael C RiddellMuscle Health Research Centre, School of Kinesiology and Health Science, Faculty of Health, York University, 4700 Keele Street, 341 Norman Bethune College, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada.
Devin B PhillipsMuscle Health Research Centre, School of Kinesiology and Health Science, Faculty of Health, York University, 4700 Keele Street, 341 Norman Bethune College, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada.
Arthur J ChengMuscle Health Research Centre, School of Kinesiology and Health Science, Faculty of Health, York University, 4700 Keele Street, 341 Norman Bethune College, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada. ajcheng@yorku.ca.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3862-2967

Funding

Canadian Foundation for Innovation - John R. Evan's Leaders Fund 38351Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada DGECR-2020-00136Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada RGPIN-2020-06443Ontario Research Fund 38351
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

purposeThis study investigated the neuromuscular differences between glucose (GLU) and fructose (FRU) ingestion on central and peripheral fatigue development and blood glucose responses during endurance cycling to failure.

methodsSeven young, recreationally active participants (4 males, 3 females) completed a randomized, single-blinded crossover study involving three conditions: GLU, FRU, and placebo (PLA) ingestion. Participants cycled at an intensity set at their maximal lactate steady state until task failure while consuming PLA, or 60 g/h of GLU or FRU. Heart rate and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) were assessed every 5 min whereas neuromuscular function of the knee extensors and capillary blood glucose and lactate were assessed every 20 min.

resultsGLU ingestion significantly increased time to task failure (~ 25%) compared to PLA (p < 0.05), whereas FRU showed no difference from PLA. Blood glucose levels increased with GLU ingestion compared to PLA (GLU: + 0.63 ± 0.96 mmol/L; PLA: -0.64 ± 0.38 mmol/L; p < 0.05), with no difference in FRU ingestion (-0.15 ± 0.53 mmol/L) versus PLA at a matched time to task failure. Despite these differences, no significant differences were observed among conditions at a matched time to task failure for fatigue-induced changes in MVC torque, voluntary activation, or indices of peripheral fatigue (i.e., 10 Hz, 50 Hz, and Δ10:50 Hz torque ratio). Furthermore, blood lactate, heart rate, and RPE increased similarly across all conditions.

conclusionsThese findings suggest that GLU, but not FRU, ingestion enhances endurance performance primarily through improved blood glucose maintenance rather than by the attenuation of neuromuscular fatigue.

Indexed as

Capillary blood glucoseCarbohydrate intakeCycling exerciseMaximal lactate steady stateNeuromuscular fatigueVoluntary activation

Identifiers

PMID42616106

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.