ArticleCell death & disease2026
Exendin-4 improves neurodevelopmental outcome after neonatal germinal matrix hemorrhage.
Article in Cell death & disease, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Germinal matrix hemorrhage (GMH) is a common complication in premature infants and is associated with a high risk of neurodevelopmental impairment and mortality. Currently, there are no specific neuroprotective treatments available. Exendin-4 is a drug used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus, and it has shown neuroprotective effects in several neurological disorders including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. In this study, we used the preterm postnatal day 5 rat model of GMH to evaluate whether exendin-4 exerts neuroprotective effects in this setting. Our results show that in the acute phase, exendin-4 reduced microglial activation, caspase-3 activation, p53 expression, AIF-associated cell death, MMP-9 expression, and neutrophil infiltration into the hemorrhage site. Exendin-4 treatment improved neurodevelopmental outcomes in both negative geotaxis and eye-opening latency when compared to saline-treated GMH controls, and conferred gray and white matter protection as early as 48 h after injury, with persistent neuroprotection observed at 5, 11, and 35 days after GMH. Exendin-4-treated animals also showed significant recovery of motor function in the rotarod test. In summary, this study demonstrates that exendin-4 reduces brain injury in a rat model of GMH in both the short and long term and is associated with improved neurological outcome.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.