ArticleFrontiers in endocrinology2026
HLA class II alleles and haplotypes associated with susceptibility to type 1 diabetes and to type 1 diabetes with concomitant autoimmune diseases: a cross-sectional study from Eastern Croatia.
Article in Frontiers in endocrinology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D) is an autoimmune disease with a strong genetic predisposition, largely conferred by human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II genes. Patients with T1D frequently develop additional autoimmune diseases (AIDs). However, data on HLA class II alleles and haplotypes associated with concomitant autoimmune diseases in T1D remain limited, particularly in Central European populations. This study aimed to investigate the distribution of HLA class II allele variants and haplotypes in patients with T1D with and without concomitant autoimmune diseases affecting the thyroid, gastrointestinal tract, and skin. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 149 T1D patients who underwent low- to intermediate-resolution HLA typing of Results: Among 149 T1D patients, 55 (36.9%) had a concomitant autoimmune disease, most commonly affecting the thyroid (23.5%), gastrointestinal tract (7.4%), or skin (6.0%). The Conclusion: These findings confirm the established role of the HLA-DR3-DQ2 and HLA-DR4-DQ8 haplotypes in genetic susceptibility to T1D in a Central European population. Because a direct comparison between the T1D-alone and T1D+AID groups did not reveal significant differences, DR4-DQ8 should be interpreted as being associated with an increased risk of both phenotypes relative to healthy controls, rather than as specifically distinguishing patients with autoimmune comorbidities from those without. Given the small number of patients within individual comorbidity subgroups, disease-specific HLA associations could not be evaluated separately. Independent replication in larger, multicenter cohorts with high-resolution HLA typing is needed before these findings can be applied in clinical practice.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.