ReviewFrontiers in immunology2026
Regulation of bone immunity by metal ions: a review of mechanisms and application progress.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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8 authors.
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Abstract
The formation and repair of bone tissue depend not only on the activity of bone tissue cells but also on complex regulatory mechanisms mediated by the immune system. With the advancements of osteoimmunology in recent years, the functional roles of metal ions in this field have attracted extensive attention. Various metal ions, including zinc, magnesium, manganese, strontium, and copper, are demonstrated to influence the osteoimmune microenvironment and promote bone repair by modulating the biological functions of immune cells, especially the inflammatory response. However, the precise mechanisms through which metal ions orchestrate osteoimmunity have not been fully elucidated, and the underlying signaling pathways, as well as their internal interactions with cells involved in bone repair, require further in-depth investigation. This review summarizes the regulatory effects of various metal ions on macrophages, T cells, dendritic cells, and neutrophils, including phenotype polarization, maturation, differentiation, inflammatory cytokine expression, and underlying signaling pathways. Besides, this review further discusses the application of metal ion-doped biomaterials in bone tissue engineering, while also covers their functions in remodeling the osteoimmune microenvironment and highlights potential directions for future research directions.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.