Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42622687›Full record

Observational studyInternational ophthalmology2026

Glaucoma burden in the Western Pacific Region from 1990 to 2023: country-level disparities, demographic drivers, and metabolic risk attribution.

Jingyao Lv, Shi-Nan Wu, Bing Yan, Yuwen Liu, Chang-Sheng Xu, Yi Han, Xiaodong Chen, Wenying Guan, Danyi Qin, Caihong Huang and 2 more

Abstract readObservational Study
PubMed Publisher
In one paragraph

Observational study in International ophthalmology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

12 authors.

Jingyao Lv *Xiamen Eye Center of Xiamen University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Fujian Engineering and Research Center of Eye Regenerative Medicine, Eye Institute of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Chengyi Build, Xiang-an Campus of Xiamen University. South Xiang-an Rd, Xiamen, 361005, Fujian, China.
Shi-Nan Wu *Xiamen Eye Center of Xiamen University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Fujian Engineering and Research Center of Eye Regenerative Medicine, Eye Institute of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Chengyi Build, Xiang-an Campus of Xiamen University. South Xiang-an Rd, Xiamen, 361005, Fujian, China.
Bing YanXiamen Eye Center of Xiamen University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Fujian Engineering and Research Center of Eye Regenerative Medicine, Eye Institute of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Chengyi Build, Xiang-an Campus of Xiamen University. South Xiang-an Rd, Xiamen, 361005, Fujian, China.
Yuwen LiuXiamen Eye Center of Xiamen University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Fujian Engineering and Research Center of Eye Regenerative Medicine, Eye Institute of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Chengyi Build, Xiang-an Campus of Xiamen University. South Xiang-an Rd, Xiamen, 361005, Fujian, China.
Chang-Sheng XuXiamen Eye Center of Xiamen University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Fujian Engineering and Research Center of Eye Regenerative Medicine, Eye Institute of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Chengyi Build, Xiang-an Campus of Xiamen University. South Xiang-an Rd, Xiamen, 361005, Fujian, China.
Yi HanXiamen Eye Center of Xiamen University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Fujian Engineering and Research Center of Eye Regenerative Medicine, Eye Institute of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Chengyi Build, Xiang-an Campus of Xiamen University. South Xiang-an Rd, Xiamen, 361005, Fujian, China.
Xiaodong ChenXiamen Eye Center of Xiamen University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Fujian Engineering and Research Center of Eye Regenerative Medicine, Eye Institute of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Chengyi Build, Xiang-an Campus of Xiamen University. South Xiang-an Rd, Xiamen, 361005, Fujian, China.
Wenying GuanXiamen Eye Center of Xiamen University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Fujian Engineering and Research Center of Eye Regenerative Medicine, Eye Institute of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Chengyi Build, Xiang-an Campus of Xiamen University. South Xiang-an Rd, Xiamen, 361005, Fujian, China.
Danyi QinXiamen Eye Center of Xiamen University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Fujian Engineering and Research Center of Eye Regenerative Medicine, Eye Institute of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Chengyi Build, Xiang-an Campus of Xiamen University. South Xiang-an Rd, Xiamen, 361005, Fujian, China.
Caihong HuangXiamen Eye Center of Xiamen University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Fujian Engineering and Research Center of Eye Regenerative Medicine, Eye Institute of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Chengyi Build, Xiang-an Campus of Xiamen University. South Xiang-an Rd, Xiamen, 361005, Fujian, China.
Jiaoyue HuXiamen Eye Center of Xiamen University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Fujian Engineering and Research Center of Eye Regenerative Medicine, Eye Institute of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Chengyi Build, Xiang-an Campus of Xiamen University. South Xiang-an Rd, Xiamen, 361005, Fujian, China. mydear_22000@163.com.
Zuguo LiuXiamen Eye Center of Xiamen University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Fujian Engineering and Research Center of Eye Regenerative Medicine, Eye Institute of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Chengyi Build, Xiang-an Campus of Xiamen University. South Xiang-an Rd, Xiamen, 361005, Fujian, China. zuguoliu@xmu.edu.cn.

Funding

Natural Science Foundation of Fujian No. 2023J01012, CHthe Key Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China No. 82530034, ZLthe National Natural Science Foundation of China No. 82271054, ZL
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

objectiveTo assess country-level disparities, temporal trends, demographic drivers, and high fasting plasma glucose-attributable glaucoma burden in the Western Pacific Region from 1990 to 2023.

designPopulation-based observational study using secondary analyses of the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) database (1990-2023). SUBJECTS, PARTICIPANTS, AND/OR CONTROLS: Populations of countries and territories in the WPR; no individual-level participants or external control group. METHODS, INTERVENTION, OR TESTING: We extracted country-level estimates of glaucoma prevalence and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) from GBD 1990-2023. Age-standardized rates (ASRs) were used to compare locations and time trends. Sex- and age-stratified analyses were performed. Decomposition analysis quantified the contributions of population growth, population aging, and epidemiologic change to changes in prevalent case numbers. Risk attribution analyses assessed the contribution of high fasting plasma glucose (HFP) to glaucoma DALYs.

main outcome measuresGlaucoma prevalence, DALYs, and their ASRs in the WPR; country-level heterogeneity; sex/age patterns; decomposition of case number changes; HFP-attributable burden.

resultsMarked heterogeneity in glaucoma burden was observed across the WPR, with the highest age-standardized burdens observed in Mongolia, the Philippines, Cambodia, and Viet Nam, and comparatively lower age-standardized rates in several island territories. Age-standardized trends were divergent: the age-standardized prevalence rate showed a modest overall increase, whereas the age-standardized DALY rate declined over time. In contrast, the absolute burden increased in many settings, reflecting the effects of population growth and aging. Older adults, particularly older women, represented key populations with a high glaucoma burden. Decomposition analysis indicated that population growth and aging were major drivers of increasing absolute burden. HFP-attributable glaucoma DALYs increased more rapidly in the WPR than globally, highlighting the potential value of integrating glaucoma prevention with chronic disease management.

conclusionsThese findings provide updated regional evidence on glaucoma burden and its demographic and metabolic contributors in the WPR. Because disease burden alone does not determine prevention priorities, future planning should also incorporate economic burden, health-system capacity, access to eye care, and treatment coverage when designing country-specific glaucoma screening, referral, and long-term care strategies.

Indexed as

GlaucomaAdultAgedAge DistributionBlood GlucoseDisability-Adjusted Life YearsFemaleGlobal Burden of DiseaseHumansMaleMiddle AgedPrevalenceRisk FactorsSex DistributionBlood GlucoseDisability-adjusted life yearsDisease burdenGlaucomaPrevalencePublic healthRisk factorsSex differencesWestern Pacific Region

Identifiers

PMID42622687

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.