ArticleGels (Basel, Switzerland)2026
Matrix Stiffness Regulates Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma (DLBCL) Spheroid Formation in a Tunable 3D Chitosan Hydrogel Model.
Article in Gels (Basel, Switzerland), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) represents the most frequent subtype of non-Hodgkin lymphoma; however, conventional 2D cultures and murine models fail to fully recapitulate the complexity of the human tumor microenvironment (TME). To address these limitations, we developed and characterized three chitosan-based hydrogels with distinct physicochemical and mechanical properties as tunable three-dimensional (3D) platforms for DLBCL culture. U2932 lymphoma cells were encapsulated either alone or in co-culture with WPMY-1 stromal cells to investigate the effects of matrix stiffness and stromal support on lymphoma growth. Furthermore, co-culture with stromal cells promoted rapid spheroid formation and generated larger cellular aggregates than mono-cultures, with the most pronounced effect observed in the 2% chitosan hydrogel. Live/dead assays demonstrated high cell viability within the selected culture condition. Overall, the 2% chitosan formulation provided the most suitable microenvironment for supporting DLBCL growth and organization, highlighting its potential as a physiologically relevant 3D in vitro model for investigating lymphoma biology and evaluating novel therapeutic strategies.
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