ArticleBiomolecules2026
Neosaxitoxin Downregulates Inflammation in an Equine In Vivo Model of Osteoarthritis.
Article in Biomolecules, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Chronic synovial inflammation is a hallmark of osteoarthritis progression and is tightly regulated by synovial macrophages. Recently, voltage-gated sodium channels (NaV) have emerged as potent modulators of macrophage-driven inflammation, positioning them as novel therapeutic targets. Among selective NaV channel blockers, neosaxitoxin exerts remarkable anesthetic and immunomodulatory effects; however, its effects on joint inflammation upon intra-articular delivery remain unexplored. Using an equine model of bilateral carpal osteoarthritis, this study evaluated the immunomodulatory and tissue-preserving effects of intra-articular neosaxitoxin. Sixteen horses were randomized into two experimental groups (n = 8/each): Neosaxitoxin in one joint and triamcinolone (+control) in the contralateral joint; or neosaxitoxin in one joint and saline (-control) in the contralateral joint. Clinical parameters, synovial fluid cytology and cytokine profiles, and histological changes in synovium and cartilage were assessed over 30 days. Neosaxitoxin reduced synovial inflammation, evidenced by decreased synovial effusion and surface temperature, along with improved joint flexion. Furthermore, synovial fluid from neosaxitoxin-treated joints exhibited lower counts of erythrocytes, neutrophils, total protein, and key pro-inflammatory mediators (IL-1β and IL-6) compared to saline-treated controls. Histologically, neosaxitoxin-treated joints exhibited modest synovial inflammatory cell infiltration and minor cartilage abnormalities. In contrast, control joints exhibited synovial hyperplasia, fibrovascular proliferation, and cartilage degeneration. Our data suggests that intra-articular neosaxitoxin better preserved joint homeostasis by limiting synovial inflammation and cartilage damage. These results warrant further investigation on Neosaxitoxin as a candidate treatment for inflammatory arthropathies.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.