ArticleViruses2026
Experiences from Two Decades of HTLV-1/2 Testing in a Low-Prevalence Area in Southern Germany, 2004 to 2024.
Article in Viruses, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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6 authors.
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Abstract
Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is a neglected pathogen with a heterogeneous global distribution. In low-prevalence areas, diagnostic testing is challenged by limited clinical awareness and the low positive predictive value of screening tests. We retrospectively analyzed 10,891 HTLV-1/2 test results from 7719 patient samples submitted to a specialized laboratory in Germany between 2004 and 2024. Antibody screening had a positive predictive value (PPV) of 31.7% for the Diasorin Murex HTLV I + II assay (39 of 123 reactive samples confirmed) and 34.5% for the Abbott Architect rHTLV-1/2 assay (67 of 194 reactive samples confirmed). Raising the sample/cutoff (s/co) threshold to ≥5 would have increased the PPV to >80%, with only two missed diagnoses per assay. HTLV-1 infection was confirmed in 124 carriers and HTLV-2 infection in three carriers. The vast majority of carriers originated from countries with higher endemicity. A delayed antibody response was observed in HTLV-1 infections via organ transplantation. In four patients with neurological disease, elevated HTLV-1/2-specific antibody indices showed antibody production in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). HTLV-1 proviral load was measured in 83 carriers, with a median of 20,000 HTLV-1 DNA copies per 10
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