Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42658650›Full record

ArticleAdvanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)2026

Electronics-Free Visual Monitoring of Dry Eye Disease-Related Tear Biomarkers Using Smart Scleral Lenses.

Ziheng Wang, Sang Mok Park, Dawn Meyer, Seul Ah Lee, Yumin Dai, Tianhao Yu, Taewoong Park, Feiyang Li, Jason Gerard Jedlicka, Tristan Michael Long and 6 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

16 authors.

Ziheng Wang *School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA.
Sang Mok Park *Department of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0003-9979-8576
Dawn Meyer *School of Optometry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA.
Seul Ah Lee *Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5157-2557
Yumin DaiSchool of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3141-9384
Tianhao YuSchool of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9637-352X
Taewoong ParkWeldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA.
Feiyang LiWeldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA.
Jason Gerard JedlickaSchool of Optometry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA.
Tristan Michael LongSchool of Optometry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0007-2082-6802
Oluwabunmi T OladeleDepartment of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA.
Gillian C ShawSchool of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0283-3482
Shin Ae ParkDepartment of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3128-2760
Pete S KollbaumSchool of Optometry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9568-2064
Young L KimDepartment of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3796-9643
Chi Hwan LeeSchool of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4868-7054

Funding

Smart soft contact lenses for continuous 24-hour monitoring of intraocular pressure in glaucoma careR01EY034901 · NEI · PURDUE UNIVERSITY · PI Bryan William Boudouris, PETE S KOLLBAUM · 2024 to 2026
$1.6M
Korea Institute for Advancement of Technology (KIAT) P0028319National Eye Institute of the National Institutes of Health (NIH NEI) R01EY034901NEI NIH HHS R01 EY034901
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Dry eye disease (DED) is a prevalent ocular condition characterized by tear film instability, hyperosmolarity, inflammation, and neurosensory abnormalities. Its episodic and fluctuating nature complicates diagnosis and management, as conventional clinical assessments often fail to capture transient tear film changes. Although emerging tear-sensing technologies show promise, many rely on trained personnel, only sporadic measurements, external readers, or integrated electronics, limiting their practicality for in-eye applications. Here, we present an electronics-free scleral lens platform for wearable monitoring of DED-related tear biomarker changes using passive colorimetric sensors integrated within the lens tear reservoir. This configuration enables visual and smartphone-assisted readout of chloride ions, pH, and ocular surface temperature within physiologically relevant ranges while avoiding direct contact with the corneal surface. The vaulted scleral lens geometry forms a stable, self-replenishing tear reservoir that concentrates biomarkers while shielding sensors from corneal contact and eyelid pressure. Sensor color changes are directly observable and quantifiable via a smartphone without specialized readers or user-specific calibration. Validated using artificial tear fluids, human tear samples, and in vivo models, this platform enables wearable monitoring of DED-related biomarkers within physiologically relevant ranges, offering a simple and clinically viable approach for tracking ocular surface conditions and associated treatment efficacy.

Indexed as

dry eye diseaseocular healthcarescleral lensestear biomarkersvisual monitoringwearable sensors

Identifiers

PMID42658650
PMCPMC13521194

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.