ReviewWorld journal of otorhinolaryngology - head and neck surgery2026
Safety, Efficacy, and Mechanism of Action of Budesonide in Rhinitis and Rhinosinusitis: A Systematic Review.
Review in World journal of otorhinolaryngology - head and neck surgery, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Objective: Budesonide is a corticosteroid with unique pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties that has been a frontline treatment for patients with allergic rhinitis (AR) and chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) since the 1990s. As research on budesonide continues to produce new insights, our aim was to synthesize recent investigations and provide up-to-date information on safety, clinical, and mechanism of action (MOA) outcomes. Data Sources: Searches were restricted to PubMed from 2014/01/01 to 2025/02/26. Clinical investigations in the primary therapeutic area of rhinitis, sinusitis, or rhinosinusitis with adult patients receiving budesonide were included. Review Methods: Results were screened, and findings from eligible articles were assessed for safety, efficacy, and/or MOA outcomes. Results: Overall, 31 articles were included. CRS was the primary indication in 19 studies and rhinitis in 12 (predominantly AR). Six studies investigated hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis suppression, and 2 studies assessed intraocular pressure; budesonide did not adversely affect either outcome, even with long-term, high-dose, high-volume nasal irrigations. Twelve studies of budesonide monotherapy generally showed improved efficacy outcomes. Eight studies of budesonide combination therapies, predominantly in patients with moderate-to-severe AR, generally showed improved efficacy versus budesonide monotherapy. MOA data were reported across seven studies, with anti-inflammatory alterations observed across the nasal mucosa, nasal secretions, nasal polyps, and peripheral blood after budesonide treatment. Conclusions: Safety outcomes were favorable across various budesonide delivery systems, including high-dose, high-volume nasal irrigations, with no evidence of HPA axis suppression after long-term budesonide use. Budesonide demonstrated consistent efficacy that was underpinned by MOA data on its potent anti-inflammatory effects.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.