ArticleInternal and emergency medicine2026
Cigarette smoking history, e-cigarette use, and Long COVID: a population-based analysis.
Article in Internal and emergency medicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Severity of activity limitation and prevalence of long COVID: a nationally representative cross-sectional study of adults in Scotland.Tropical medicine and health · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Long COVID imposes a substantial public health burden following the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, yet the contribution of electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use, alone or alongside cigarette smoking, remains inadequately characterized in population-representative data. We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of 9274 adults aged 16 years and older from the pooled 2023-2024 Scottish Health Survey, a nationally representative household survey. Cigarette smoking and e-cigarette use were classified into seven mutually exclusive categories, and the outcome was survey-defined self-reported Long COVID, based on symptoms persisting for more than four weeks after first having COVID-19. Survey-weighted logistic regression was used to estimate crude and adjusted odds ratios, with adjustment for survey year, age group, sex, area deprivation, ethnicity, alcohol use, and educational attainment. Overall, 7.4% of adults reported Long COVID. Compared with never cigarette/e-cigarette users, adjusted odds were higher among former cigarette smokers currently using neither product (adjusted odds ratio 1.40, 95% confidence interval 1.12-1.76) and among former smokers currently using e-cigarettes exclusively (1.56, 1.09-2.24). No statistically detectable associations were observed among former e-cigarette users who had never smoked, current e-cigarette users who had never smoked, exclusive current cigarette smokers, or dual users. The two elevated associations persisted after additional adjustment for asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. The observed pattern may reflect previous cigarette exposure, health-related smoking cessation or switching, reverse causation, and residual selection or confounding; the cross-sectional design does not permit an independent contribution of e-cigarette use to be determined.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.