ArticleJournal of medical Internet research2026
National Survey on Implementation Patterns and Functional Needs for Hospital-Wide Glycemic Management Systems in the Chinese Mainland: Mixed Methods Study.
Article in Journal of medical Internet research, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundDiabetes mellitus is a major global public health burden, and achieving optimal glycemic control remains challenging. Multidisciplinary, hospital-wide glycemic management systems (HGMS) have emerged as a promising strategy. In the Chinese mainland, the adoption of HGMS has accelerated; yet, substantial variations remain in system functionality, regional coverage, and management effectiveness across hospitals, underscoring the need for a national survey.
objectiveThis study aimed to survey the implementation patterns and functional needs for HGMS in the Chinese mainland.
methodsA mixed methods design was used, integrating a cross-sectional quantitative survey and qualitative interviews. From April 2024 to December 2024, health care professionals across 31 provincial-level administrative regions in the Chinese mainland were recruited. Data were collected using standardized questionnaires and purposive semistructured interviews to evaluate the adoption, functional demands, and satisfaction with HGMS. Quantitative data were analyzed using SPSS (version 27.0; IBM Corp). Differences in mean ratings across HGMS functions were evaluated using the Friedman test, with post hoc pairwise comparisons performed via the Wilcoxon signed-rank test and Bonferroni correction. Qualitative data underwent thematic analysis following Braun and Clarke's framework, supported by NVivo (version 12; QSR International).
resultsA total of 988 health care professionals from 265 hospitals participated. HGMS implementation across hospitals in the Chinese mainland exhibited pronounced heterogeneity: 12.45% remained at level 0 (handwritten glucose records), 47.92% at level 1 (manual data entry), and 21.51% at level 2 (department-level data sharing). Levels 3, 4, and 5 accounted for 13.21%, 3.40%, and 1.51%, respectively, revealing significant regional disparities. Functional demand analysis indicated consensus on the importance of basic HGMS functions, including real-time hypo- or hyperglycemia alerts (68.42%), Computerized Physician Order Entry-Electronic Medical Record interoperability (68.02%), and automatic glucose data transmission (67.51%). Among advanced functions, standardized education and training (64.47%), clinical decision support (61.54%), and tele-endocrinology consultation (61.13%) were also valued. Satisfaction was highest for automatic glucose data transmission (81.63%), while clinical decision support received the lowest satisfaction (45.51%). The Friedman test indicated significant differences in perceived importance and satisfaction across the 7 functions (χ²
conclusionsHGMS implementation in the Chinese mainland is generally transitioning from digitized glucose recording toward intelligent glycemic management across hospitals. Future efforts should focus on establishing virtual wards for integrated care, developing dynamic glucose monitoring-guided management pathways, creating patient-centered collaborative platforms, and incorporating AI-enhanced clinical decision support to overcome existing barriers.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.