Multimodal transformer-enhanced deep learning for accurate assessment of mandibular third molar-inferior alveolar canal contact using panoramic radiography and CBCT slices.

backgroundAccurate preoperative assessment of the spatial relationship between mandibular third molars (M3Ms) and the inferior alveolar canal (IAC) is essential to minimize the risk of nerve injury. While panoramic radiographs (PRs) are routinely used as a first-line modality, their two-dimensional nature limits diagnostic reliability, often necessitating confirmatory cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT).

methodsWe developed a dual-stream, transformer-enhanced multimodal (panoramic radiography + selected CBCT slices) deep learning framework designed as a clinician-in-the-loop system. The model jointly processes paired panoramic radiographs and operator-selected CBCT slices to simulate a realistic specialist consultation. Four widely used high-performance backbones (ConvNeXt, Swin Transformer, ResNet-50, and VGG16) were systematically evaluated on a dataset of 250 paired PR-CBCT cases. Model performance was assessed using F

resultsAmong the evaluated architectures, the ConvNeXt-based model achieved the highest overall performance, with a macro F

conclusionThe proposed multimodal 2D framework demonstrates competitive and robust classification performance. By integrating expert slice selection with automated feature extraction, the model functions as a standardized decision-support tool, aimed at reducing diagnostic variability in complex boundary cases where visual interpretation alone may be subjective.