Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42695340›Full record

Trial reportJMIR mHealth and uHealth2026

Digital Structured Education With Behavioral Nudge Tools for Adults With Type 2 Diabetes: Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial.

Yan Lin, Yingchun Zeng, Kaining Chen, Zongcun Chen, Caihua Ye, Ying Zhou, Qiwei Zhou, Chengying Yu, Vivien Xi Wu, Samuel Seidu and 2 more

Abstract readRandomized Controlled TrialMulticenter Study
In one paragraph

Trial report in JMIR mHealth and uHealth, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

12 authors.

Yan LinSchool of Nursing, Hainan Medical University, No 3 Xueyuan Road, Longhua district, Haikou, Hainan, China, 86 18789028632.ORCID 0009-0007-9306-8723
Yingchun ZengNational University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.ORCID 0000-0001-9250-4086
Kaining ChenHainan General Hospital, Haikou, China.ORCID 0000-0003-4878-0918
Zongcun ChenThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China.ORCID 0000-0002-0530-1748
Caihua YeThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China.ORCID 0009-0000-5809-0473
Ying Zhou928th Hospital of PLA Joint Logistics Support Force, Haikou, China.ORCID 0009-0004-7633-6536
Qiwei ZhouSchool of Nursing, Hainan Medical University, No 3 Xueyuan Road, Longhua district, Haikou, Hainan, China, 86 18789028632.ORCID 0009-0009-2257-2273
Chengying YuSchool of Nursing, Hainan Medical University, No 3 Xueyuan Road, Longhua district, Haikou, Hainan, China, 86 18789028632.ORCID 0009-0009-0173-2039
Vivien Xi WuNational University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.ORCID 0000-0002-9264-3630
Samuel SeiduLeicester Diabetes Centre, Leicester, United Kingdom.ORCID 0000-0002-8335-7018
Bin LiHainan General Hospital, Haikou, China.ORCID 0009-0008-2744-6164
Xinjun JiangSchool of Nursing, Hainan Medical University, No 3 Xueyuan Road, Longhua district, Haikou, Hainan, China, 86 18789028632.ORCID 0000-0002-6515-5180

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Background: Digital interventions offer scalable alternatives to traditional face-to-face diabetes education, but often face challenges related to inconsistent clinical effectiveness, and declining user engagement. However, whether a digital structured education program integrated with behavioral nudge tools can improve metabolic, behavioral, and psychological outcomes in adults with type 2 diabetes remains unclear. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a digital structured education program integrated with behavioral nudge tools in improving metabolic, behavioral, and psychological outcomes among adults with type 2 diabetes. Methods: This multicenter randomized controlled trial was conducted in the endocrinology departments of 4 hospitals in China. Adults with type 2 diabetes were randomly assigned to an intervention group receiving a digital structured education program integrated with behavioral nudge tools (n=146) or a control group receiving standard digital diabetes education (n=147). Assessments were conducted at baseline and 12-week follow-up. The primary outcome was hemoglobin A Results: Among 293 participants (mean age 49.19, SD 10.02 y), 287 (97.9%) completed follow-up. At 12 weeks, the intervention group demonstrated significantly greater improvements than the control group in HbA Conclusions: Digital structured education integrated with behavioral nudge tools improved metabolic outcomes and strengthened psychological and behavioral determinants of self-management among adults with type 2 diabetes over a 12-week period. These findings suggest that a digital structured education program integrated with behavioral nudge tools may enhance diabetes self-management beyond standard digital diabetes education. Further studies with longer follow-up and real-world implementation are warranted to evaluate the sustainability, generalizability, and long-term clinical impact of this integrated intervention.

Indexed as

Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2Patient Education as TopicAdherence InterventionsAdultChinaFemaleGlycated HemoglobinHumansMaleMiddle AgedGlycated Hemoglobinbehavioral nudgesdigital structured educationrandomized controlled trialself-management behaviorstype 2 diabetes

Identifiers

PMID42695340
PMCPMC13542806

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.