ArticleCNS neuroscience & therapeutics2026
Whole-Brain Monosynaptic Inputs to and Axonal Projections From Posterior Insular Cortex GABAergic Neurons in Mice.
Article in CNS neuroscience & therapeutics, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThe posterior insular cortex (PIC) is a multimodal sensory integration center, and the GABAergic neurons are associated with functions such as pain perception, emotional regulation, and fear memories encoding. However, the whole-brain connectivity to PIC GABAergic neurons remains unclear.
objectiveTo map the whole-brain input-output connectivity of PIC GABAergic neurons.
methodsThis study combined cell-type-specific retrograde/anterograde viral tracing systems with Cre/loxP genetic technology to perform a comparative analysis of the localization and quantification of monosynaptic inputs and axonal projections of PIC GABAergic neurons.
resultsRetrograde tracing identified 45 input nuclei, with densest inputs from the piriform cortex (Pir) and secondary somatosensory cortex (S2) of the isocortex, thalamic nuclei including the posterior thalamic nuclear group (PO) and parafascicular thalamic (PAF), exhibiting ipsilateral preference. Anterograde tracing revealed 18 output targets, with densest projections to the caudate putamen (CPu), external globus pallidus (GPe), and ventral pallidum (VP) of the basal ganglia and multiple subnuclei of the amygdala.
conclusionsPIC GABAergic neurons receive dense inputs from the isocortex and thalamus and send prominent projections to the basal ganglia and amygdala, with these brain regions constituting key hubs of the whole-brain connectivity network. This connectivity pattern provides a novel anatomical perspective for elucidating their roles in physiological behavior regulation.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.