ArticleMedicine2026
Association of vitamin D3 and diabetic retinopathy in US adults: A cross-sectional study.
Article in Medicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
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Who cites it
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The potential protective effects of vitamin D3 against diabetic retinopathy (DR) in adults have been studied. However, conflicting results exist, with some studies reporting no effect. Therefore, our goal was to assess the connection between vitamin D3 and adult DR in the United States. We investigated the relationship between vitamin D3 and DR using information from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. We obtained vitamin D3 data from serum samples and DR data from doctors through a questionnaire. The main analytical methods utilized in this study were multivariable logistic regression, stratified analysis with interaction, and restricted cubic splines (RCS). A total of 1978 participants were included. There was a significant negative association between vitamin D3 and DR after accounting for potential confounders (OR: 0.995, 95% CI: 0.992-0.999; P = .0237). Compared with the T1 group (≤46.50), the fully adjusted OR for T3 (≥74.50) was 0.617 (95% CI: 0.455-0.837, P = .0019). A linear relationship was observed between vitamin D3 and DR (P = .836). There was a negative linear relationship between the level of vitamin D3 and the risk of DR among adults in the United States.
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Registered trials
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