An integrative review of APOL1 kidney disease with a focus on the Brazilian population.

Celia M Barbosa de Souza, Bibiana S de Oliveira Fam, Giovanna C Giudicelli, Precil Diego Miranda de Menezes Neves, Francisco V Veronese, Fernanda S Luiz Vianna

Abstract readReview

PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher

In one paragraph

Review in Clinics (Sao Paulo, Brazil), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it

0cells of the map it votes in

0citing papers in PubMed

–field-weighted citation impact

1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors.

Celia M Barbosa de SouzaNephrology Service, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Graduate Program in Medicine: Medical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Laboratory of Genomic Medicine, Experimental Research Center, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.

Bibiana S de Oliveira FamLaboratory of Genomic Medicine, Experimental Research Center, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Laboratory of Immunobiology and Immunogenetics, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular (PPGBM), Department of Genetics, Institute of Biosciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil.

Giovanna C GiudicelliLaboratory of Genomic Medicine, Experimental Research Center, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Laboratory of Immunobiology and Immunogenetics, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular (PPGBM), Department of Genetics, Institute of Biosciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.

Precil Diego Miranda de Menezes NevesDivision of Nephrology, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Center for Nephrology and Dialysis, Hospital Alemão Oswaldo Cruz, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.

Francisco V VeroneseNephrology Service, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Graduate Program in Medicine: Medical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.

Fernanda S Luiz ViannaGraduate Program in Medicine: Medical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Laboratory of Genomic Medicine, Experimental Research Center, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Laboratory of Immunobiology and Immunogenetics, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular (PPGBM), Department of Genetics, Institute of Biosciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; INAGEMP, National Institute of Populational Medical Genetics, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. Electronic address: fslvianna@gmail.com.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) has a global impact on morbidity and mortality, affecting disproportionately Afro-descendants with a risk of 4 to5 times higher compared to non-Afro-descendants. The increased risk is driven by both socioeconomic and biological factors, highlighting the role of APOL1 as a pragmatic example of this scenario. Carriers of the high-risk genotype (two risk alleles) are approximately three times more likely to develop CKD and experience more severe disease progression. Despite the high impact on Afro-descendant health, few studies of APOL1 kidney disease investigated the impact in admixed populations. In this integrative review, we evaluate APOL1 kidney disease globally, with a focus on the Brazilian population. We conducted a comprehensive search on PubMed, Lilacs, and Scielo databases. Publications in English, Spanish, and Portuguese were included, covering the period from the identification of APOL1 G1 and G2 variants in 2010 through October 2025. The initial search found 831 articles, after screening and full-text assessment based on predefined inclusion criteria which only includes original research on African or Afro-descendant populations, 306 articles were included and analyzed. In total, ten Brazilian articles were identified. Brazilian studies highlighted the prevalence of APOL1 risk variants, revealing the presence of G1 and G2 alleles in Afro-Brazilians and their significant role in the onset of CKD, lupus nephritis, and early kidney replacement therapy. The limited number of studies conducted within the Brazilian population underscores an urgent need for further research to tailor strategies in public health policies of APOL1 kidney disease on Afro-Brazilian and admixture populations.

Indexed as

APOL1Brazilian Afro-descendantsG1/G2 risk allelesPublic healthRenal disease

Identifiers

PMID42700542

DOI10.1016/j.clinsp.2026.101109

PMCPMC13579323

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata

Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.