ReviewMolecular oncology2026
Predictive and prognostic biomarkers of Bacillus Calmette-Guérin therapy failure in bladder cancer patients: A systematic review.
Review in Molecular oncology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
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Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
Abstract
High-risk non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) is a common urological malignancy with a high propensity for recurrence (30-40% of patients) despite treatment with Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) instillations. Identifying patients who are likely to respond or not to BCG therapy before treatment initiation may significantly improve patient outcomes and minimise unnecessary treatments. This systematic review critically assessed the existing literature on the potential of non-invasive biomarkers to predict BCG failure in NMIBC patients. A comprehensive bibliographic search on PubMed, Scopus and Medline databases was conducted to identify relevant studies published up to July 7, 2025. After a thorough screening and selection process, 72 studies were included in the final analysis, 58 of which focused on prognostic markers, 6 on predictive markers, and 8 examined both. Moreover, 55 studies focused on tissue, while 28 studied liquid biopsy-derived biomarkers, showcasing their ability to reflect the dynamic characteristics of the tumour and its microenvironment. The most frequently studied biomarkers comprised p53, Ki-67 and pRB. Furthermore, several immunological markers were also explored, highlighting the current challenge of BCG therapy prediction biomarkers. Despite its valuable insights, this systematic review faced limitations within the included studies, such as issues related to reproducibility, feasibility, and small sample sizes. Nonetheless, the findings indicate that a wide array of molecules show potential as prognostic and/or predictive markers for BCG failure, which may improve the clinical management of this complex disease.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.