ArticleFrontiers in aging neuroscience2026
A transdiagnostic approach to non-motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease: exploring internalizing, bipolar spectrum, and impulsive compulsive behavior profiles via cluster analysis.
Article in Frontiers in aging neuroscience, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
12 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: Parkinson's disease (PD) is associated with diverse non-motor symptoms (NMS), including depression, anxiety, anhedonia, bipolar-spectrum features, and impulsive-compulsive behaviors (ICBs), which substantially impair quality of life. Although these domains may share dopaminergic and frontostriatal mechanisms, they are often studied separately. This study adopted a transdiagnostic, person-centered approach to identify clinically meaningful NMS profiles in PD. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 126 patients with PD and no dementia diagnosis from two university centers completed validated assessments of ICBs, impulsivity, anhedonia, depression, anxiety, and bipolar-spectrum symptoms. K-means clustering was applied to standardized variables, and cluster validity was evaluated using multiple stability metrics. Results: The four-cluster solution demonstrated the best validity and identified Low-Symptom (44.3%), Moderate Internalizing (29.4%), Bipolar-Impulsive (16.7%), and Severe Internalizing-Impulsive (9.5%) profiles. Clusters differed significantly across depression, anxiety, anhedonia, bipolar-spectrum symptoms, ICBs, and impulsivity. The Bipolar-Impulsive group was significantly younger, whereas the Moderate Internalizing profile was older and predominantly female. The Severe Internalizing-Impulsive cluster showed the highest psychiatric burden, motor severity, disease stage, dopaminergic treatment load, and amantadine use. No significant between-cluster differences emerged in global cognitive performance. Conclusion: These findings support a transdiagnostic model in PD in which affective dysregulation and impulsivity interact with disease-related factors to form distinct neuropsychiatric phenotypes. Recognizing these profiles may facilitate earlier identification of vulnerable patients and more individualized neuropsychiatric management strategies beyond a solely dopaminergic framework.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.