Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42720702›Full record

ArticlePhotochemical & photobiological sciences : Official journal of the European Photochemistry Association and the European Society for Photobiology2026

Inhibiting glioma cell invasion by sequential photo-sonodynamic therapy.

Sophia Renee Laurel, Tyler Lee, Reiya Gulosino, Even Pok, Keya Gupta, Nicole Wakida, Henry Hirschberg

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Article in Photochemical & photobiological sciences : Official journal of the European Photochemistry Association and the European Society for Photobiology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
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1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Sophia Renee LaurelBeckman Laser Institute, University of California, 1002 Health Sciences Rd, Irvine, CA, 92612, USA. slaurel@hs.uci.edu.ORCID http://orcid.org/0009-0006-9680-6077
Tyler LeeBeckman Laser Institute, University of California, 1002 Health Sciences Rd, Irvine, CA, 92612, USA.
Reiya GulosinoBeckman Laser Institute, University of California, 1002 Health Sciences Rd, Irvine, CA, 92612, USA.
Even PokBeckman Laser Institute, University of California, 1002 Health Sciences Rd, Irvine, CA, 92612, USA.
Keya GuptaBeckman Laser Institute, University of California, 1002 Health Sciences Rd, Irvine, CA, 92612, USA.
Nicole WakidaBeckman Laser Institute, University of California, 1002 Health Sciences Rd, Irvine, CA, 92612, USA.
Henry HirschbergBeckman Laser Institute, University of California, 1002 Health Sciences Rd, Irvine, CA, 92612, USA.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

introductionDespite aggressive surgical resection and adjuvant chemoradiotherapy, malignant gliomas inevitably recur due to the persistence of infiltrative tumor cells at the resection margins. Although photodynamic therapy (PDT) has demonstrated the ability to inhibit glioma cell invasion, its clinical utility is limited by restricted light penetration and challenges associated with repeated intracranial application. Sonodynamic therapy (SDT), which utilizes low-intensity focused ultrasound (FUS) to activate a sonosensitizer, offers a non-invasive alternative capable of penetrating the skull and reaching deeply embedded tumor margins. This study evaluates the ability of sequential 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA)-mediated PDT followed by repetitive SDT to inhibit glioma cell invasion using a three-dimensional spheroid-Matrigel migration model.

methodsF98 glioma spheroids were formed and embedded between two layers of Matrigel. The embedded spheroids were incubated with ALA and treated with either PDT or SDT as single therapies as well as a sequential protocol consisting of a single PDT treatment followed by two repetitive SDT treatments at 24-hour intervals. Invasive distance from the spheroid edge into the surrounding matrix was measured at 4 and 7 days post-implantation under both 1% and 5% FBS conditions.

resultsAlthough ALA-mediated PDT and SDT individually inhibited glioma cell invasion in a dose-dependent manner, PDT did not significantly inhibit recurrence of invasive activity. Notably, sequential ALA-PDT followed by repetitive SDT produced sustained and highly significant inhibition of glioma cell invasion compared to either modality alone, without inducing sustained spheroid cytotoxicity.

conclusionSequential ALA-mediated PDT followed by repetitive SDT enhances inhibition of glioma cell invasion in vitro, suggesting the potential of a combined PDT-SDT strategy as a translatable, minimally invasive approach to suppress residual invasive tumor cells and improve post-operative outcomes of malignant glioma.

Indexed as

5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA)Focused ultrasound (US)MigrationPhotodynamic therapy (PDT)Sonodynamic therapy (SDT)

Identifiers

PMID42720702

What Socratic holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.