ArticleAnnals of medicine and surgery (2012)2026
Hypothetical applications of MR-guided focused ultrasound in central nervous system tuberculosis: blood-brain barrier disruption, granulomatous lesion modulation, targeted drug delivery, and immune microenvironment reprogramming.
Article in Annals of medicine and surgery (2012), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Central nervous system tuberculosis (CNS-TB) comprises tuberculous meningitis (TBM), parenchymal tuberculomas, and spinal arachnoiditis. It accounts for 5% to 10% of extrapulmonary TB and is more common in immunocompromised individuals, particularly those with HIV. Despite early diagnosis and treatment, mortality remains high, exceeding 30% in TB meningitis, and, as a consequence, many survivors develop cognitive, motor, or visual deficits. Management has proven to be difficult due to the blood-brain barrier and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier, which limit drug penetration, especially in early or non-inflammatory stages. Even after disruption of these barriers owing to inflammation, drug delivery remains inconsistent and often fails to reach the required concentrations. Tuberculomas further compound this problem due to their granulomatous, avascular, and fibrotic architecture, which protects
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