ReviewFrontiers in oncology2026
Advances in understanding the tumor microenvironment of neuroendocrine prostate cancer.
Review in Frontiers in oncology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
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Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC) is an aggressive, treatment-refractory phenotype of advanced prostate cancer. This narrative review was informed by targeted searches of PubMed, Web of Science through May 2026. We classify evidence as Level A (human NEPC samples or clinical cohorts), Level B (NEPC-specific models), Level C (prostate adenocarcinoma or CRPC without NEPC resolution), or Level D (pan-cancer or non-prostate extrapolation), and apply these levels to central claims and a study-level evidence table. Direct human data support immune depletion in most NEPC tumors, with heterogeneous macrophage, fibroblast and lymphoid remodeling in selected cohorts; model studies support context-dependent cytokine, hypoxic, extracellular-matrix and metabolic effects on lineage plasticity. By contrast, CAF-derived lactate fueling NEPC, a dense collagen drug barrier, and NEPC-specific vascular permeability remain unvalidated. Most TME-directed treatments are preclinical or extrapolated, whereas DLL3-directed therapy has shown early activity in biomarker-selected disease. Longitudinal biopsies, spatial multi-omics, humanized models and biomarker-defined trials are needed to distinguish causal vulnerabilities from correlates of treatment-emergent lineage transition.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.