ArticlePolymers2026
Curcumin-Loaded Ligand-Conjugated Chitosan Nanoparticles: A Comparative Study of Folic Acid, Phenylalanine, and Butyric Acid Conjugates for Colorectal Cancer.
Article in Polymers, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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3 authors.
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Abstract
Colorectal cancer therapy requires drug delivery systems that improve treatment efficacy and minimize systemic toxicity. In this study, chitosan-based nanoparticles were fabricated and functionalized with folic acid (FA), phenylalanine (PA), and butyric acid (BA) to enhance the delivery of curcumin to Caco-2 cancer cells. The nanoparticles were prepared using an ionic gelation method, and their physicochemical properties, cellular uptake efficiency, and cytotoxicity-including safety evaluation against normal HIEC-6 cells-were investigated. Results showed that ligand conjugation significantly influenced the physicochemical properties of the nanoparticles. CRFANP (FA-modified) exhibited the largest particle size (263.5 nm) due to its rigid aromatic structure, while CRPANP (PA-modified) showed an intermediate size (138.0 nm) and the lowest surface charge (15.59 mV). In contrast, CRBANP (BA-modified) presented the smallest particle size (128.2 nm) and the highest positive surface charge (23.27 mV). These distinct physicochemical properties directly influenced their cellular interactions; CRBANP and CRFANP showed higher uptake than CRPANP, with CRBANP yielding the maximum accumulation of curcumin in Caco-2 (21.92 nM/mg protein) and HT-29 cells (22.09 nM/mg protein). Correlating with the uptake data, cytotoxicity assays revealed that CRBANP was the most potent formulation, exhibiting the lowest IC
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