ReviewInternational journal of molecular sciences2026
Microbiome-Immune Interactions as Determinants of Checkpoint Inhibitor Efficacy in Hepatocellular Carcinoma.
Review in International journal of molecular sciences, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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0 citing papers in PubMed.
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Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains a major global health challenge and one of the leading causes of cancer-related mortality, with advanced disease continuing to be associated with limited therapeutic options and substantial heterogeneity in response to systemic treatment. Recent evidence has established the gut microbiota, through the gut-liver axis, as a critical determinant of immunotherapy efficacy, while also influencing antitumor immunity and liver carcinogenesis. Microbial dysbiosis may promote chronic inflammation, intestinal barrier disruption, bacterial translocation, and immune dysfunction, thereby contributing to hepatocarcinogenesis. Moreover, gut microbial composition and microbial-derived metabolites, including bile acids, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and inosine, have been associated with modulation of antitumor immune responses and differential outcomes to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). Emerging clinical evidence in HCC has identified distinct gut microbial signatures associated with response to nivolumab, pembrolizumab, and atezolizumab-based regimens, including enrichment of
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