ReviewJournal of clinical medicine2026
State of the Art in Neuromodulation or Spinal Cord Stimulation Therapy.
Review in Journal of clinical medicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Chronic pain continues to be a major global health burden and is frequently refractory to conventional pharmacologic and conservative therapies. Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) has emerged as an important neuromodulatory treatment for selected patients with chronic neuropathic and mixed pain syndromes. Since its introduction in the 1960s, SCS has evolved from paresthesia-based tonic stimulation into more adaptive and personalized neuromodulation. This review summarizes the current evidence regarding the mechanisms, clinical applications, technological advances, and future directions of SCS therapy. Mechanistically, SCS modulates nociceptive transmission through dorsal column and dorsal horn pathways, inhibitory neurotransmitter systems, wide-dynamic-range neuronal activity, and supraspinal pain-processing networks. Technological advances have expanded available stimulation paradigms, including burst stimulation, high-frequency stimulation, closed-loop evoked compound action potential-controlled systems, and differential target multiplexed stimulation. These approaches aim to improve analgesic durability, reduce the burden of paresthesia, and address mechanisms such as neuroinflammation and neural habituation. Clinically, SCS is used for conditions including failed back surgery syndrome, complex regional pain syndrome, painful diabetic neuropathy, ischemic limb pain, and emerging non-traditional pain states. However, outcomes remain variable and are influenced by psychological readiness, pain phenotype, anatomic factors, trial response, neurophysiologic markers, and patient engagement. Complications such as lead migration, infection, implantable pulse generator malfunction, and loss of efficacy remain important considerations. Future progress in SCS will likely depend on artificial intelligence, remote monitoring, biomarker-guided programming, and integration with multidisciplinary chronic pain care.
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What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.