ArticleBritish journal of cancer2026
Menopausal hormone therapy and primary liver cancer: long-term follow-up of the women's health initiative randomized trials.
Article in British journal of cancer, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT00000611 (Women's Health Initiative), which is not on this map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Women's Health Initiative (WHI)
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Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundLong-term results on liver cancer incidence and mortality are reported from two Women's Health Initiative randomized trials evaluating menopausal hormone therapy.
methods16,608 postmenopausal women with a uterus were randomized to conjugated equine estrogen (CEE) 0.625 mg/d plus medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) 2.5 mg/d or placebo and 10,739 women with hysterectomy were randomized to 0.625 mg/d of CEE-alone or placebo.
resultsAfter nearly 24 years follow-up and 74 incident liver cancers, neither CEE-alone nor CEE plus MPA influenced liver cancer development (CEE-alone vs placebo (11 vs 15 cancers; hazard ratio [HR] 0.75; 95% CI, 0.34-1.63; CEE plus MPA vs placebo (30 vs 18 cancers; HR 1.63; 95% CI, 0.91-2.92). CEE plus MPA did not significantly influence liver cancer mortality: 27 vs 22 deaths (HR 1.18; 95% CI, 0.67-2.07). In subgroup analyses, CEE plus MPA vs placebo was associated with more liver cancers among women aged 50-59 years (10 vs 0 cancers (P-trend 0.01) and prior oral contraceptive users (HR 4.30, 95% CI, 1.46-12.72; P-interaction 0.01).
conclusionsThese findings indicate no overall influence of menopausal hormone therapy on liver cancer incidence or mortality although a possible increased risk with CEE plus MPA in select subgroups warrants further investigation.
trial registrationclinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00000611.
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