ReviewFrontiers in oncology2026
Immunotherapy role in bladder cancer treatment: a review of literature.
Review in Frontiers in oncology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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0 citing papers in PubMed.
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Authors and funding
8 authors.
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Abstract
Immunotherapy has changed the landscape of bladder cancer treatment in recent years, both for localized and metastatic bladder cancer. While bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) remains the gold standard for high-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer, the development of checkpoint inhibitors continues to increase treatment options for patients who are intolerant or unresponsive to BCG. In the setting of muscle-invasive bladder cancer, perioperative checkpoint blockade has shown promising pathologic response rates and survival signals, especially in PDL1/CPS enriched populations. In metastatic bladder cancer, anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy can lead to durable responses in a subset of patients, and combination strategies, sequences of therapy, and biomarkers are all being explored to help guide patient selection and improve clinical outcomes. Herein, we review evidence supporting the use of immunotherapy in non-muscle invasive, muscle invasive, and metastatic bladder cancer including the newer immunotherapy combination approaches.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.