ArticleFrontiers in veterinary science2026
A cross-cultural comparison on perception for extended reality (XR) learning environmental simulation of animal drug administration.
Article in Frontiers in veterinary science, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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8 authors.
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Abstract
Background: The integration of Extended Reality (XR) technologies into animal-handling training provides science students working with animals in experimental research with an innovative platform for developing practical and ethical skills that contribute to medical advancement. As laboratory practices become increasingly globalized and guided by the 3Rs principle of Replacement, Reduction, and Refinement, understanding cross-cultural perceptions of animal-handling protocols has become increasingly important. Methods: A single-player XR platform with an immersive one-in-one virtual reality (VR) system, the Virtual Animal-handling Simulation ( Results: Median scores in all categories were significantly above the neutral midpoint, indicating strong endorsement of the VR environment, its realism, and its contribution to active learning and perceived capability. Chinese students consistently rated the VR module more favorably than Belgian students across all six learning domains. Effect sizes ranged from small to medium, with the largest differences observed for learning capability and overall perception. Ordinal logistic regression confirmed country as a significant predictor for several domains, while gender showed no meaningful influence. Prior VR experience was negatively associated with Learning Capability ( Conclusion: Our study revealed that
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