ArticleDiseases (Basel, Switzerland)2026
A Pilot Study on the Evaluation of an Inpatient Glycaemic Management Protocol for Enteral Feeding in People with Diabetes.
Article in Diseases (Basel, Switzerland), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
aimsInternational diabetes guidelines recommend inpatient glycaemic management protocols for bolus enteral feeding in people with diabetes to improve clinical outcomes. This study aims to evaluate before and after hospital-wide implementation of an inpatient bolus enteral feeding protocol: (1) the incidence of hyperglycaemia (>13.9 mmol/L) and hypoglycaemia (<4.0 mmol/L), (2) medication prescribing practices and capillary blood glucose monitoring and (3) health care professionals' knowledge and confidence levels.
methodsWe implemented an inpatient glycaemic management protocol for bolus enteral feeding developed by a multidisciplinary team of diabetes nurse educators and endocrinologists and approved by the institutional medical board in July 2024. This before-and-after quality improvement study was conducted over 3 months across eight inpatient wards. Adult inpatients were consecutively enrolled if they met the inclusion criteria: (1) a documented diagnosis of diabetes mellitus, (2) receiving bolus enteral feeding and (3) treatment with glucose-lowering medication. Patients listed as critically ill were excluded. Nurses working in the pilot wards were also recruited. Before implementing the protocol, diabetes nurse educators trained inpatient nurses on understanding and executing the protocol for administering capillary blood glucose monitoring and medications for patients with diabetes on enteral feeding. Nurses' pre- and post-knowledge levels and perceived confidence were assessed using a structured questionnaire. Electronic medical records were reviewed to evaluate the incidence rates of hypoglycaemia and hyperglycaemia before and during the 3 months following protocol implementation. We also assessed adherence to protocol-recommended capillary blood glucose monitoring frequencies based on the diabetes medication regimen.
resultsA total of 31 patients were observed during the 6-week baseline period and 28 patients following protocol implementation. A total of 192 clinical care episodes were audited, comprising 78 in the pre-intervention phase and 114 in the post-intervention phase. The incidence of hyperglycaemia decreased from 43.6% to 10.5%, while hypoglycaemia decreased from 3.8% to 2.6%. After adjusting for protocol adoption rates, protocol implementation was associated with significantly lower odds of hyperglycaemia (odds ratio [OR] 0.22, 95% CI [0.07, 0.65],
conclusionsImplementation of a standardised inpatient glycaemic management protocol for PWD receiving bolus enteral feeding was associated with reduced rates of hyperglycaemia and hypoglycaemia. Larger-scale studies are warranted to evaluate the effectiveness and sustainability of wider implementation in improving clinical outcomes.
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