Goji Leaves and Buds as Food Resources: Composition, Processing, Safety, and Links to Side-Stream Valorization.

Jinhao Zou, Xiaowei Tian, Siyi Wang, Ye Sun

Abstract readReview

In one paragraph

Review in Foods (Basel, Switzerland), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it

0cells of the map it votes in

0citing papers in PubMed

–field-weighted citation impact

1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

4 authors.

Jinhao ZouCollege of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China.ORCID 0009-0001-9357-4358

Xiaowei TianCollege of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China.ORCID 0009-0001-3376-8900

Siyi WangCollege of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China.

Ye SunKey Laboratory of Dryness Syndrome in Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China.

Funding

Ningxia Medical University XT2025037Ningxia Medical University XT2025071Science and Technology Department of Ningxia 2025AAC050076Science and Technology Department of Ningxia 2025BEH04093

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Goji leaves and buds are used as vegetables and teas, but their composition and behavior in formulated foods differ from those of the berries. This critical narrative review examines their phytochemistry, processing, food applications, digestion, and safety, with selected comparisons to berry-processing residues and orchard biomass. The literature includes leaf-tea processing, polysaccharide-modified dough, emulsion delivery systems, and bud-tea or leaf-extract additions to savory foods. Genotype, harvest stage, and extraction account for substantial compositional variation. In food matrices, improvements in rheology, oxidative stability, or flavor depend on formulation and dose-higher inclusion does not consistently improve sensory quality. Simulated digestion and biological models provide preparation-specific findings but do not establish clinical efficacy. Safety evidence includes a short-term toxicology study of one roasted

Indexed as

bud teaby-product valorizationcircular food systemsfood processingfood safetygoji leavesLycium barbarumLycium chinense

Identifiers

PMID42794083

DOI10.3390/foods15183298

PMCPMC13606126

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata

Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.