Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42797556›Full record

ArticleVaccines2026

Dual Antigen Display on an AP205 VLP Platform Elicits Potent and Durable Neutralization of EBV Infection in B Cells and Epithelial Cells In Vitro.

Xiaojuan Han, Ping Gao, Yuanyuan Shi, Chao Li, Xiaoyu Zhai, Guokai Feng, Musheng Zeng, Baidong Hou, Jian Song, Fuping Zhang

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Vaccines, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

10 authors.

Xiaojuan HanCAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China.
Ping GaoCAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China.
Yuanyuan ShiCAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China.
Chao LiCAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China.
Xiaoyu ZhaiCAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China.
Guokai FengState Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China.
Musheng ZengState Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China.
Baidong HouState Key Laboratory of Epigenetic Regulation and Intervention, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
Jian SongInstitute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning 530021, China.
Fuping ZhangCAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China.

Funding

the Bagui Scholars Program of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Regionthe National Key Research and Development Program of China 2024YFC2309801
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

BACKGROUND/

objectivesEpstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a ubiquitous pathogen responsible for significant malignancies and autoimmune diseases, yet no prophylactic vaccine is available. The viral entry glycoproteins gL/gH and gB are essential for infection, but soluble forms are poorly immunogenic and fail to elicit durable neutralizing antibodies. Moreover, EBV infects both B cells and epithelial cells, demanding broad neutralization. This study aimed to develop a virus-like particle (VLP) platform that displays gL/gH and gB in a dense, repetitive array to overcome these barriers.

methodsWe conjugated recombinant gL/gH and gB to Acinetobacter phage AP205 VLPs using SpyTag/SpyCatcher covalent linkage, generating monovalent and bivalent chimeric nanoparticles (co-displaying both antigens on the same particle). Mice were immunized with these VLP constructs or alum-adjuvanted soluble proteins, and antibody responses, neutralization titres against B-cell and epithelial-cell infection, as well as germinal centre responses and durability, were assessed over a four-month period.

resultsAP205-conjugated nanoparticles elicited significantly higher antigen-specific IgG titres than soluble proteins. The chimeric VLP, co-displaying gL/gH and gB, induced the stronger neutralising antibodies, effectively blocking EBV entry into both B cells and epithelial cells. Mechanistically, VLP immunization drove robust and sustained germinal centre reactions, resulting in increased plasma and memory B cells, and maintained neutralising activity for at least four months.

conclusionsPrecision nanoscale assembly of EBV entry glycoproteins on a synthetic VLP programs high-magnitude, broad-spectrum, and durable humoral immunity. The AP205-SpyTag platform offers a versatile and promising strategy for developing an effective prophylactic EBV vaccine.

Indexed as

Epstein–Barr virus (EBV)gH/gL and gB glycoproteinsneutralizing antibodiesSpyTag/SpyCatchervirus-like particle (VLP)

Identifiers

PMID42797556
PMCPMC13611383

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.